Financial services and disaster risk finance: Examples from the community level

Increased attention has recently been given to the possible role of financial services in the management of natural disaster risk. Local communities have been at the forefront of developing innovative disaster risk finance strategies and implementing risk-oriented incentive programs. In view of increasing risks, including the impacts of climate change, such programs will become more important. This paper examines four models and some recent experiences in using financial services at the community level. The paper offers an overview of advantages and limitations of each model to manage disaster risk in communities. Examples include a federal government initiated scheme of social protection funds, a local government risk reduction scheme, an insurance product provided by a non-governmental organization, and a micro-insurance scheme. Finally, the paper offers some directions about specific ways that the public and private sectors, in collaboration with other partners can improve finance alternatives for disaster management at the community level. It appears that a range of follow-up studies and further dialogue is needed, in order to expand the knowledge on what types of risk finance models can help manage and reduce the financial impacts of natural disasters.     

基于城乡统筹的公共安全规划研究——以长株潭城市群为例

以长株潭城市群公共安全规划为研究对象,本着"资源节约、环境友好"两型社会建设的要求,从保护人的安全出发,以实现城乡统筹的风险控制和风险减缓设施建设。长株潭城乡公共安全,规划包括:重大危险源安全规划编制、开敞空间及综合避灾场地规划以及区域综合防灾规划3个方面,强调对城乡统筹的安全内容;该安全规划既是政治经济发展的战略要求,也是政府职能部门的管理要害,还是城乡居民基本的生存保障,具有前瞻性,以完善技术设计来降低风险,同时在管理上加强协调性和拓展性。     

全国火电厂烟气连续监测系统运行状况调研及分析

通过对全国火电厂烟气连续监测系统运行状况的实地调查和函调,发现全国已有40个火电厂安装了51套烟气连续监测系统,另有近30个火电厂已购买或正准备购买.51套中全套引进的有45套,其余6套有国内单位参与配套,共涉及中外厂家22个;安装在烟囱上的有17套,占33.3%;系统能够运行或大部分仪器设备在运行的有23套,占45.1%,但运行结果基本上均未得到环保部门认可,处于无效运行状态;绝大部分烟气连续监测系统处于停运状态,甚至从未投运过.文章分析了烟气连续监测系统运行状况不佳的原因,并提出改进建议.     

应对气候变化治理模式国别比较分析

应对气候变化是全球各国共同面临的严峻挑战,而不同国家由于其自身发展阶段、治理水平等存在差异,气候治理模式也呈现不同特征。本文系统梳理了英国、德国、法国、美国、欧盟、日本、韩国、印度、巴西、南非等全球主要经济体和排放体的气候政策体系与机构设置情况,将其气候治理模式分为五类：政策引领型、法律缺失型、整体完备型、部分行业先行型和政策协调双缺失型,并从政治体制和党派态度、资源禀赋和强势部门、战略定位与气候叙事、公众态度与国际事件四个维度进行了影响因素的分析。建议我国未来可在加快推进气候立法、充分发挥制度优势、形成中国特色治理方案、推动建立公平合理互利共赢国际治理体系、落实完善“1+N”政策体系等方面加强工作部署,提升应对气候变化治理水平,促进“双碳”目标尽早实现。     

Adaptation to Climate Change in Developing Countries

Adaptation to climate change is given increasing international attention as the confidence in climate change projections is getting higher. Developing countries have specific needs for adaptation due to high vulnerabilities, and they will in this way carry a great part of the global costs of climate change although the rising atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are mainly the responsibility of industrialized countries. This article provides a status of climate change adaptation in developing countries. An overview of observed and projected climate change is given, and recent literature on impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation are reviewed, including the emerging focus on mainstreaming of climate change and adaptation in development plans and programs. The article also serves as an introduction to the seven research articles of this special issue on climate change adaptation in developing countries. It is concluded that although many useful steps have been taken in the direction of ensuring adequate adaptation in developing countries, much work still remains to fully understand the drivers of past adaptation efforts, the need for future adaptation, and how to mainstream climate into general development policies.     

区域承灾体脆弱性指标体系与精细量化模型研究

灾害损失的严重程度由致灾环境的危险性、承灾体的脆弱性,以及区域的应急能力决定的。承灾体脆弱性研究对灾害风险管理、区域防灾减灾、减灾投资,以及灾害保险等有着重要的意义。建立了针对自然灾害的区域承灾体脆弱性评估指标体系;在此基础上,引入精细化土地类型,基于GIS对承灾体脆弱性做了基于精细网格的量化模型研究;并以浙江德清县自然灾害区划为例进行了试验。     

无公害清洗剂的研制

研制了无公害清洗剂,该剂为弱碱性水基清洗剂,不含强酸,强碱,磷,铝等有害成分,能有效地清洗任何硬表面的油污,对人,畜基本无毒。     

三峡库区典型农村型消落带沉积物风险评价与重金属来源解析

本研究以三峡库区核心区——忠县典型农村型消落带为对象,于2011年7月,采集大坝水位回落后消落带沉积物样品,分析重金属含量,评价沉积物潜在风险,解析三峡库区农村型消落带重金属来源,为库区流域面源污染物控制提供基础数据.结果表明,消落带沉积物中As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn的变化范围分别为155~160 m:5.17~14.81、0.06~0.57、8.55~20.56、62.79~93.04、15.38~60.97、425.72~782.32、21.34~48.5、23.03~43.39、57.78~130.10 mg·kg-1;170~175 m:7.05~12.57、0.17~0.33、10.71~18.89、65.22~92.89、18.89~42.91、74.06~774.41、22.47~42.49、24.17~29.23、55.67~103.18 mg·kg-1.地累积指数(I geo)表明,155~160 m消落带沉积物重金属累积顺序为Cd>Co>Mn>As>Cu>Pb>Zn,170~175m消落带累积程度大小为Co>Mn>Cd>As.沉积物污染指数(SPI)说明,155~160 m消落带沉积物潜在风险高于170~175 m沉积物,忠县城区下游155~160 m消落带沉积物风险达到峰值.统计分析结果显示,155~160 m消落带重金属Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn主要来源于自然背景,As、Ni、Cd、Co和Mn则来源于上游来水;170~175 m消落带沉积物重金属Cr、Ni、Pb和Zn主要来自自然背景,Cd、As、Co、Mn和Cu则极有可能来源于农田面源和上游.     

非法废物贸易机制及相关对策研究

针对国际上某些发达国家向发展中国家越境转移废物这一倍受关注的现象,阐述了废物贸易,尤其是非法废物贸易产生的机制和发生的后果,对目前有关废物越境转移的国际公约作了介绍,并着重探讨了中国对于非法废物贸易相应国内立法及应采取的措施。      

The weight method: a new screening method for estimating pesticide deposition from knapsack sprayers in developing countries

Investigations of occupational and environmental risk caused by the use of agrochemicals have received considerable interest over the last decades. And yet, in developing countries, the lack of staff and analytical equipment as well the costs of chemical analyses make it difficult, if not impossible, to monitor pesticide contamination and residues in humans, air, water, and soils. A new and simple method is presented here for estimation of pesticide deposition in humans and soil after application. The estimate is derived on the basis of water mass balance measured in a given number of high absorbent papers under low evaporative conditions and unsaturated atmosphere. The method is presented as a suitable, rapid, low cost screening tool, complementary to toxicological tests, to assess occupational and environmental exposure caused by knapsack sprayers, where there is a lack of analytical instruments. This new method, called the “weight method”, was tested to obtain drift deposition on the neighbouring field and the clothes of the applicator after spraying water with a knapsack sprayer in one of the largest areas of potato production in Colombia. The results were confirmed by experimental data using a tracer and the same set up used for the weight method. The weight method was able to explain 86% of the airborne drift and deposition variance.