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151.
Hiramatsu Ai Hanaki Keisuke Aramaki Toshiya 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2003,8(3):293-310
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was adopted in the Kyoto Protocol as a flexibility mechanism to reduce greenhouse gases
(GHGs) and has been started with such projects as improving efficiency of individual technology. Although applying various
countermeasures to urban areas has significant potentials for reducing GHGs, these countermeasures have not been proposed
as CDM projects in the practical stage. A CDM project needs to be validated that it will reduce GHGs additionally compared
with a baseline, that is, a predictive value of GHG emissions in the absence of the project. This study examined the introduction
of solid waste incineration with electricity generation into three different cities, A, B and C. The combination of main solid
waste treatment and fuel source are landfill and coal, respectively, in City A, incineration and natural gas in City B, and
landfill and hydro in City C. GHG emission reductions of each city under several baseline options assumed here were evaluated.
Even if the same technology is introduced, the emission reduction greatly varies according to the current condition and the
future plan of the city: 1043–1406 kg CO2/t of waste in City A, 198–580 kg CO2/t in City B, and wide range of zero to over 1000 kg CO2/tin City C. Baseline options also cause significant difference in the emission reduction even in the same city (City C).
Incinerating solid waste after removing plastics by source separation in City B increased GHG emission reduction potential
up to 730–900 kg CO2/t, which enhances the effectiveness as a CDM project.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
152.
153.
可持续发展与中国的实践 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:9
文章在分析了60年代末以来全球两次环境革命后,论证了可持续发展源于环境保护的观点,文章概述了中国环境状况,分析了中国环境问题的4个主要成因,就环境保护的目标和任务,针对性地提出搞好环境保护是实施可持续发展的关系,推行清洁生产,实现经济增长方式的转变是中国可持续发展的根本途径和必然选择。文章最后例举了近年来中国环境保护有关的对策,方案和计划,并从经济,法制,科技,教育等诸方面详述了中国实施可持续发展 相似文献
154.
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156.
Soil erosion is accelerating in developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. It has threatened the livelihood
of millions of peasants, for agriculture is their economic mainstay. A probe into the forces causing erosion reveals that
the elite’s resolve to accumulate ever more wealth and to maintain, consolidate, or expand their sociopolitical power and
the necessity of the poor to fulfill their requirements of food, fuelwood, and fodder are the two major factors accelerating
soil erosion. Unless the vast masses of poor people are integrated into the national mainstream through the implementation
of equitable and redistributive development policies, it is impossible to control the accelerating rate of soil erosion and
thus to achieve the objective of sustainable development.
In this article, the phenomenon “soil erosion” is studied with the sol e focus on causation through anthropogenic factors. 相似文献
157.
The polluter-pays principle has been widely implemented in OECD countries and credited for bring about a significant reduction in pollutant discharge. However, it has had only limited implementation in developing countries. The consequences of not implementing it in developing countries, to the extent they are documented, are limited to estimating the economic damages of environmental degradation. Yet there are several other but seldom documented negative consequences of the failure to implement the polluter-pays principle. These consequences are documented in the case of Pakistan. They include limited construction of effluent treatment plants, heavy dependence on the government and international donors for funding the only two operational common effluent treatment plants, significant operational issues at the two common effluent treatment plants, missed opportunities to build cost-effective common effluent treatment plants and minimal environmental improvements from isolated investments in individual effluent treatment plants in addition to the already documented significant level of environmental degradation due to uncontrolled pollutant discharge. 相似文献
158.
Jason Hill Faisal Hossain Amvrossios C. Bagtzoglou 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(12):3721-3729
This paper used ordinary kriging to spatially map arsenic contamination in shallow aquifers of Northwestern Bangladesh (total area 35,000 km2). The Northwestern region was selected because it represents a relatively safer source of large-scale and affordable water supply for the rest of Bangladesh currently faced with extensive arsenic contamination in drinking water (such as the Southern regions). Hence, the work appropriately explored sustainability issues by building upon a previously published study (Hossain et al., 2007; Water Resources Management, vol. 21: 1245–1261) where a more general nation-wide assessment afforded by kriging was identified. The arsenic database for reference comprised the nation-wide survey (of 3534 drinking wells) completed in 1999 by the British Geological Survey (BGS) in collaboration with the Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) of Bangladesh. Randomly sampled networks of zones from this reference database were used to develop an empirical variogram and develop maps of zonal arsenic concentration for the Northwestern region. The remaining non-sampled zones from the reference database were used to assess the accuracy of the kriged maps. Two additional criteria were explored: (1) the ability of geostatistical interpolators such as kriging to extrapolate information on spatial structure of arsenic contamination beyond small-scale exploratory domains; (2) the impact of a priori knowledge of anisotropic variability on the effectiveness of geostatistically based management. On the average, the kriging method was found to have a 90% probability of successful prediction of safe zones according to the WHO safe limit of 10 ppb while for the Bangladesh safe limit of 50 ppb, the safe zone prediction probability was 97%. Compared to the previous study by Hossain et al. (2007) over the rest of the contaminated country side, the probability of successful detection of safe zones in the Northwest is observed to be about 25% higher. An a priori knowledge of anisotropy was found to have inconclusive impact on the effectiveness of kriging. It was, however, hypothesized that a preferential sampling strategy that honored anisotropy could be necessary to reach a more definitive conclusion in regards to this issue. 相似文献
159.
Decentralized approaches to wastewater treatment and management: applicability in developing countries 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Providing reliable and affordable wastewater treatment in rural areas is a challenge in many parts of the world, particularly in developing countries. The problems and limitations of the centralized approaches for wastewater treatment are progressively surfacing. Centralized wastewater collection and treatment systems are costly to build and operate, especially in areas with low population densities and dispersed households. Developing countries lack both the funding to construct centralized facilities and the technical expertise to manage and operate them. Alternatively, the decentralized approach for wastewater treatment which employs a combination of onsite and/or cluster systems is gaining more attention. Such an approach allows for flexibility in management, and simple as well as complex technologies are available. The decentralized system is not only a long-term solution for small communities but is more reliable and cost effective. This paper presents a review of the various decentralized approaches to wastewater treatment and management. A discussion as to their applicability in developing countries, primarily in rural areas, and challenges faced is emphasized all through the paper. While there are many impediments and challenges towards wastewater management in developing countries, these can be overcome by suitable planning and policy implementation. Understanding the receiving environment is crucial for technology selection and should be accomplished by conducting a comprehensive site evaluation process. Centralized management of the decentralized wastewater treatment systems is essential to ensure they are inspected and maintained regularly. Management strategies should be site specific accounting for social, cultural, environmental and economic conditions in the target area. 相似文献
160.
Investigations of occupational and environmental risk caused by the use of agrochemicals have received considerable interest over the last decades. And yet, in developing countries, the lack of staff and analytical equipment as well the costs of chemical analyses make it difficult, if not impossible, to monitor pesticide contamination and residues in humans, air, water, and soils. A new and simple method is presented here for estimation of pesticide deposition in humans and soil after application. The estimate is derived on the basis of water mass balance measured in a given number of high absorbent papers under low evaporative conditions and unsaturated atmosphere. The method is presented as a suitable, rapid, low cost screening tool, complementary to toxicological tests, to assess occupational and environmental exposure caused by knapsack sprayers, where there is a lack of analytical instruments. This new method, called the “weight method”, was tested to obtain drift deposition on the neighbouring field and the clothes of the applicator after spraying water with a knapsack sprayer in one of the largest areas of potato production in Colombia. The results were confirmed by experimental data using a tracer and the same set up used for the weight method. The weight method was able to explain 86% of the airborne drift and deposition variance. 相似文献