The vulnerability and resilience of small island developing states in the context of globalization

In spite of the wide diversity in the economic performance of small island developing states (SIDS), the apparent prosperity of several SIDS has entailed a global misrepresentation of the economic situation of these countries. While their vulnerability to natural disasters is not denied, the general risk of economic marginalization that many SIDS face in the context of globalization may not have received sufficient attention. The paper attempts to highlight what matters most in the consideration of the economic vulnerability of SIDS and in the debate to prevent their marginalization. It examines the main types of external shocks to which SIDS are vulnerable, and discusses the economic handicaps that are fundamental causes of this vulnerability. Economic specialization (with the predominance of international trade in services) is then a central notion in the analysis of island vulnerability: a better specialization, which may involve diversification and always implies greater international competitiveness, can reduce the exposure or vulnerability of SIDS to external shocks, and induce greater economic stability in these countries. Hence the importance of developing policies to circumvent the specific handicaps of islands and facilitate the realization of new trading opportunities through an emulative use of globalization forces.     

The relationship among biodiversity,governance, wealth,and scientific capacity at a country level: Disaggregation and prioritization

At a global level, the relationship between biodiversity importance and capacity to manage it is often assumed to be negative, without much differentiation among the more than 200 countries and territories of the world. We examine this relationship using a database including terrestrial biodiversity, wealth and governance indicators for most countries. From these, principal components analysis was used to construct aggregated indicators at global and regional scales. Wealth, governance, and scientific capacity represent different skills and abilities in relation to biodiversity importance. Our results show that the relationship between biodiversity and the different factors is not simple: in most regions wealth and capacity varies positively with biodiversity, while governance vary negatively with biodiversity. However, these trends, to a certain extent, are concentrated in certain groups of nations and outlier countries. We discuss our results in the context of collaboration and joint efforts among biodiversity-rich countries and foreign agencies.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0581-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

预应力锚索加固石窟围岩的地震响应的数值模拟分析研究

针对预应力锚索加固石窟文物的特点,阐述了影响石窟围岩变形稳定性的主要因素和动力有限元分析方法。以榆林窟的三个典型工程剖面为实例,通过对不同峰值加速度、频谱、持续时间的动荷载作用下预应力锚索加固的石窟围岩位移场、应力场分布特征的数值模拟计算,揭示了预应力锚索加固石窟岩体在地震作用下的动态响应和变化规律。分析结果表明,随着地震动峰值加速度(PGA)、反应谱特征周期和地震动持续时间的增大,洞窟的位移和应力值明显增大,应力集中区的范围扩大,围岩损伤的可能性增加,稳定性降低。应力分布与洞窟数量、组合特性、几何形状和尺寸密切相关,并控制了石窟围岩的震害特征。本文为石窟文物的科学保护和岩体抗震加固与减灾提供了理论基础和实践依据。     

海南"美丽乡村"环境协同治理状况调研:政策工具的视角

"美丽乡村"是"美丽中国"的重要载体和组成部分。实现"美丽乡村"的生态环境治理需要政府、社会、村民的多方协同治理,政策工具的选取、组合、使用,决定了协同模式的构建。本调研基于政策工具的视角考察海南"美丽乡村"环境协同治理状况,根据所得数据科学研究分析,科学合理地提出相应的建议对策,以期为海南"美丽乡村"环境协同治理提供实证借鉴。     

发达国家洗涤行业节能减排的经验介绍

在全球节能减排的宏观政策之下,我国洗涤行业的逐步发展与壮大应符合国家节能减排的整体方向和目标,加强节能减排意识,实施有关节能减排的措施,走可持续发展的道路.本文通过对国外发达国家洗涤行业节能减排的政策、方法和经验的了解和学习,结合我国洗涤行业的实际特点,旨在找到适合我国洗涤行业的可持续发展道路.研究表明,虽然我国洗涤行业还处于快速扩大发展的初期,但我国可以根据自身的具体情况有选择性地借鉴国外发展和节能减排的经验和方法,在此基础上,结合具体实际特点,开拓创新,开发出适合我国洗涤行业的可持续发展道路,在快速扩大发展的同时,与其他行业和领域一同为实现我国的节能减排目标而努力.     

探究水质环境监测技术和仪器的发展

文章对近些年来的简易现场水质检测、水质自动监测等水质环境监测技术和仪器发展以及中间存在的问题作出了初步的分析,对国际上以及国内的一些水质环境监测技术的经验和成果进行了总结,对未来此技术的发展方向和重点指明了方向。     

城市温室气体清单评价研究

城市消费了大量的能源,是全球人类活动温室气体的最大排放源,在应对气候变化中起到关键作用.城市温室气体清单评价成为重要的基础性工作,对于制定城市减排目标和计划、评估减排措施效果具有重要的意义.然而,城市开放的空间系统结构导致城市温室气体清单核算面临许多困难和挑战.本文对国内外城市温室气体清单方法和案例进行了回顾与展望,研究内容主要集中在比较城市清单和国家清单方法、联系和区别,分析清单编制的不确定性,在此基础上提出可借鉴的经验与启示,以期推动我国城市温室气体清单研究发展.     

国外有害废物管理的动向与指南

简要介绍了德国、荷兰和美国等工业化国家的有害废物管理的新动向,以及由工业化国家在有害废物管理中取得的成功经验中,适用于发展中国家的有害废物的基本管理方法和可以作为借鉴的实用措施的指南性环境管理框架。     

Environmental leapfrogging in developing countries: A critical assessment and reconstruction

It has been suggested in recent years that developing countries need not pass through the dirty stages of industrial growth that marred the past of today's developed countries. Instead, they may be able to bypass these by leapfrogging straight to modern, clean technologies as an integral part of capacity addition. This article critically reviews existing approaches to leapfrogging. It argues that they are not only characterized by considerable ambiguity, but also based on an incomplete understanding of the technological and policy requirements of cleaner industrialization. Consequently, the article goes on to offer a number of suggestions as to how current approaches might be advanced so as to better meet the challenge of leapfrogging. Amongst these suggestions is greater clarification of the specific targets for leapfrogging and policy intervention to accelerate the development of technological capabilities needed to select, absorb and innovate leapfrog technologies.     

对城乡自然生态关系的认识

针对目前对城乡之间自然生态关系缺乏准确的研究现状，首次提出建立城乡自然生态关系概念的观点，认为在城市化和城市规划研究中应加强对城乡资源关系、资源利用关系、组成要素关系和要素感知关系等方面的研究，提出应充分认识利用这种关系。