甘南县污染源排污状况分析

采用近五年的污染源监测数据,分析了甘南县污染源污染特征,指出了影响甘南县主要污染物及变化趋势。     

郁江、黔江和浔江广西桂平段水质变化趋势分析

根据2003-2012年水质监测资料,采用秩相关系数法对郁江、黔江和浔江广西桂平段水质变化趋势进行分析。结果表明,黔江和浔江水质呈明显好转趋势;郁江水质呈好转趋势,但不明显。提出了继续加强水污染防治工作的建议。     

昆明市主城区近年空气质量变化趋势与成因分析

根据昆明市2004-2013年空气自动站监测数据,对昆明市空气质量,污染物年际变化、季节变化、空间变化特征进行了研究。分析了影响昆明市空气质量的地理气象因素、污染排放因素、污染物远程输送因素。提出了相应的防治对策和建议。     

模糊聚类分析在中国火灾危害分类中的应用

火灾现象具有随机性、模糊性,是个复杂的模糊系统行为。运用模糊聚类分析方法,借助于M ATLAB计算软件,对中国火灾的危害程度进行了分类。根据2000年中国火灾统计资料,把31个省市分为重灾区、较重灾区、一般灾区、轻灾区等4类,与传统的概率统计方法相比,本方法更符合客观实际。城市火灾分类是动态的,重灾区吸取教训,增强消防意识,增大消防投入,可减少火灾隐患;而轻灾区如不注意防范,也会增加火灾隐患。因此不论轻重灾区,均应时时增强防范意识,把火灾危害降至最低。     

Increasing collaboration between China and India in the environmental sciences to foster global sustainability

As the two largest countries by population, China and India have pervasive effects on the ecosphere. Because of their human population size and long international boundary, they share biodiversity and the threats to it, as well as crops, pests and diseases. We ranked the two countries on a variety of environmental challenges and solutions, illustrating quantitatively their environmental footprint and the parallels between them regarding the threats to their human populations and biodiversity. Yet we show that China and India continue to have few co-authorships in environmental publications, even as their major funding for scientific research has expanded. An agenda for collaboration between China and India can start with the shared Himalaya, linking the countries’ scientists and institutions. A broader agenda can then be framed around environmental challenges that have regional patterns. Coordinated and collaborative research has the potential to improve the two countries’ environmental performance, with implications for global sustainability.     

基于VOSviewer的2010-2020年安全疏散研究进展分析

为给安全疏散研究提供综合性的参考,从CNKI和Web of Science收录的2010-2020年核心期刊中整理出关于安全疏散的研究文献,应用VOSviewer软件分别对国内外研究文献的发表数量、关键词、作者等进行了计量分析,并类比其他应用此方法的研究来验证结果的有效性.结果表明:国内针对安全疏散的相关文献年度发表数...     

三峡库区雷暴气候变化特征分析

利用长江三峡库区及其周边地区38个气象站1961～2001年的逐日雷暴资料,统计、分析了三峡库区雷暴日数及其初、终日的时空分布特征。结果表明：41年来,长江三峡库区年平均雷暴日数较多,一般为34～45 d,其中库区西北部和中南部为多雷区;年际变化大,最多年比最少年一般偏多27～61 d;整个库区年雷暴日数的变化均存在不同程度的减少趋势,气候倾向率为 1～7 d/10 a;雷暴出现的季节变化很明显,4～8月为多发时段;雷暴初日库区东部早于西部,终日东西段差别不大;雷暴持续期普遍在195～239 d之间,其中西部持续时间短,东部长;大部地区雷暴初日有推后的变化趋势,推迟速率约2～6 d/10 a;终日有提前的变化趋势,且提前速率为2～4 d/10 a;库区大部雷暴期呈缩短的变化趋势,缩短速率为2～8 d/10 a。     

近60a长三角地区极端高温事件变化特征及其对城市化的响应

基于长三角地区1951~2014年56个国家级气象站点逐日气温记录资料,通过计算极端高温事件相关指标(极端最高温TXx,极端最低温TNn,高温日数Htd和低温日数Ltd),利用GIS空间分析技术和Mann-Kendall时间趋势分析方法分析了长三角地区近60 a极端高温事件的空间分异特征和时间变化趋势,并探讨了城市化发展对区域极端高温事件时空变异的影响。结果表明:(1)长三角地区极端高温事件指标均表现为一定的上升趋势,极端低温指标(TNn和Ltd)线性变化趋势比极端高温指标(TXx和Htd)更为显著,变化趋势最显著的地区集中在经济和城市化水平较高的城市及周边地区(如上海、杭州等)。(2)极端高温指标(TXx和Htd)多年平均总体表现为南高北低,西高东低的趋势,而极端低温指标中TNn多年平均为由中部向南北两侧降低,Ltd多年平均呈现自中部向南北南侧增多的趋势。(3)从1990~2000到2000~2010年,城市化对极端高温事件的影响增强,快速城市化对北部城市极端高温事件的影响高于南部城市。     

近50年鄱阳湖五大流域降水变化特征研究

基于鄱阳湖流域在江西省内部分对应的79县市气象站1960～2006年逐日降水观测资料,采用线性回归的方法分别研究五大流域的年降水量、降水日数、暴雨日数等3要素的变化趋势,并用Mann法进行了变化趋势的显著性检验,用距平与均方差之比达到15和20作为气候异常检验指标,对各流域的各时间序列进行了异常检验,采用了Mann Kendall法对各时间序列进行突变检测。结果表明：（1）各流域的年降水量变化趋势基本一致,年降水量与年暴雨日数密切相关;饶河流域强降水事件较多,降水强度大,赣江中游流域降水时间分布相对较均匀,强降水事件较少;（2）各流域年降水量、暴雨日数总体呈波动上升趋势,20世纪90年代以来暴雨日数异常偏多的概率最大;（3）年降水日数以20世纪80年代中期为界,之前呈波动上升趋势,之后呈波动下降趋势,2002年至今各流域降雨日数明显偏少;（4）各流域的年降水量、降水日数、暴雨日数均未出现趋势性的突变;（5）近50年来鄱阳湖流域降水时间分布不均的情况加剧,旱涝灾害风险增加。     

Lessons from Integrating Fishers of Arapaima in Small-Scale Fisheries Management at the Mamirauá Reserve,Amazon

Fishers and small-scale fisheries worldwide have been marginalized historically. Now it is clear that integrating fishers in management processes is key to resource conservation, but it is less clear how to do it. Here, based on a literature review and new information, we present and analyze a case in which the participation of fishers in the management process was crucial in recovering an overexploited small-scale fishery for the pirarucu (Arapaima spp.) in the Amazon Basin, Brazil. In 8 years of experimental management, from 1999 to 2006, the population of pirarucu increased 9-fold (from about 2200 to 20,650 individuals), harvest quotas increased 10-fold (from 120 to 1249 individuals), and fishers’ participation in the management process increased and they benefited from increased monetary returns. Additionally, the number of communities conducting the management scheme increased from 4 in 1999 to 108 in 2006, following the demands of fishers and regional government agencies. Based on our analysis, we suggest that the participation of fishers in the management of other small-scale fisheries in the world can be improved by focusing on (1) applying the knowledge and skills of fishers in resource monitoring and management, (2) bridging knowledge systems among all involved stakeholders, (3) collaborating with fishers that are interested in, and capable of conducting, resource conservation schemes, and (4) conducting management under conditions of uncertainty.