Scales of integration for sustainable development governance

Efforts at integration are central in the Sustainable Development Goals and the wider Post-2015 Sustainable Development Agenda. While integration forms a major focus of this agenda, there are fundamental limitations on pursuing this focus. The global governance discussions on integration lack a clear conceptualization of what it is, do not have any tools for measurement or assessment, and are narrowly focused around policy integration between global institutions. This article develops a framework for conceptualizing cross-level and cross-scale integration which addresses these problems and introduces the opportunities and challenges of pursuing different types of integration in global governance. Cross-level integration involves governance efforts which seek to bridge similar institutions with one another (for example, bringing together efforts by environmental ministries and development ministries). Cross-scale integration, in contrast, deals with governance efforts that bring together institutions which have distinct scopes, jurisdictions, and epistemologies. With this important distinction, the article explores the opportunities for cross-scale integration as part of the global sustainable development efforts and particularly expanding the policy integration focus with spatial and temporal integration as well. The conclusion uses the Earth System Governance perspective to focus on the trade-offs that are likely as wider forms of institutional integration are pursued beyond environmental mainstreaming and policy integration.     

长江下游典型硫铁矿集采区矿山地质环境现状分析

文章在对长江下游铜陵硫铁矿集中开采区矿山地质环境系统调查的基础上,分析阐述了主要矿山地质环境问题及其成因、分布特征,其中地面塌陷、含水层破坏和水土污染较为严重;结合矿山地质环境现状、保护治理政策及成效,分析预测了矿山地质环境问题的发展趋势,为矿山地质环境恢复治理提供了基础支撑作用。     

国内船舶碰撞事故科研产出及主题趋势挖掘

为了全面认识国内船舶碰撞研究的整体现状及趋势,基于中国知网的2000—2016年506篇船舶碰撞学位论文和1957—2016年1 620篇期刊论文,使用科学计量和知识图谱的方法进行了可视化分析。结果表明:学位论文和期刊论文的产出主要集中以大连海事大学、上海海事大学、上海交通大学以及武汉理工大学为核心形成不同的研究团队。关于船舶碰撞的学位论文主要集中在AI、船舶避碰、数值仿真等方面,期刊论文的热点主要分布在船舶避碰、碰撞事故、碰撞危险等方面。整体来看,2000年以后学位和期刊论文在研究上的趋势是相近的,都在关注AI、数值模拟方法和碰撞责任主体等方面的避碰主题,近期新兴的研究更加关注在一些船舶碰撞微观的层面。     

爆炸分离冲击信号修正及结构状态分析

为了对爆炸分离冲击信号进行有效性分析及校正,进而对关键结构的状态变化进行分析,基于离散小波分解方法,对实测分离冲击信号及其速度积分进行校正,去除零漂趋势项.选取冲击结束后剩余自由响应阶段,对结构状态进行分析,基于冲击信号初始谱及剩余谱相关性分析,提出确定剩余自由响应阶段起始分析时间的确定方法.对该剩余响应信号结合频域窗...     

广州市城市垃圾终处理的现状及发展策略

结合广州市自然地理,社会经济条件,概括总结了广州市垃圾产出特点及垃圾终处理的发展阶段,重点分析了现有垃圾填埋场存在的问题及产生原因。在此基础上,提出了广州市垃圾终处理要“四个坚持”的发展策略。      

中国城市污泥中汞含量的时空分布特征

为全面了解中国城市污水处理厂脱水污泥中汞的赋存状况,从全国40个城市污水处理厂采集315个污泥样品,使用DMA-80直接测汞仪测定了样品中汞的含量.结果表明,全国城市污泥样品中的汞含量范围为0.45~15.42 mg·kg~(-1),汞含量符合对数正态分布,几何平均值为(2.19±3.16)mg·kg~(-1).所有污泥样品中的汞含量均满足《城镇污水处理厂污泥处置混合填埋用泥质》(GB/T 23485-2009)规定的污泥填埋标准;97.8%的城市污泥汞含量均满足土地改良用泥质标准(中性、碱性土壤);86.7%的城市污泥汞含量满足土地改良用泥质标准(酸性土壤).不同城市的污泥样品汞含量存在较大差异(变异系数105%),同一个污水处理厂污泥汞含量也不稳定(7d变异系数0.6%~53.6%).污泥中汞含量中位数呈现华北地区东北地区西北地区西南地区华东地区华中地区华南地区的空间分布趋势.以相应城市的土壤背景值为参比,利用地累积指数法,对于城市污泥中的汞污染现状进行了评价,发现汞重度污染以上的省份比例达到60%以上.与历史数据对比发现,全国城市污泥中汞含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,峰值出现于2000~2009年.研究结果为城市污水和污泥汞污染的防治工作提供了数据支持.     

片岩隧道变形规律分析与预测方法研究

为准确掌握片岩隧道变形规律,基于隧道变形监测结果,利用核极限学习机构建隧道变形初步预测模型,通过遗传算法和蚁群算法进行优化处理,以保证模型参数的最优性,采用混沌理论对预测误差进行修正处理,利用M-K分析判断隧道变形趋势,并将趋势判断结果与预测结果对比.结果表明:通过递进优化处理,能逐步提高预测精度,且预测结果的相对误差...     

西部大开发是否导致了“污染避难所”?——基于直接诱发和间接传导的角度

西部大开发战略在一定程度上促进了我国区域产业转移,在给西部地区带来发展机遇的同时,是否也导致西部地区成为"污染避难所"?鉴于此,本文选取了10个具有代表性的污染密集型产业部门,以中国各省份1990—2013年的面板数据为样本,使用基于系统GMM的双重差分法,对西部大开发战略是否会诱发污染避难所效应进行了判定,并使用结构方程模型,对西部大开发战略的传导机制进行了路径分析。结果表明,西部大开发战略没有导致污染避难所,我国污染密集型产业出现了区域转移滞缓现象;西部大开发战略对污染避难所不具备显著的直接效应,但会通过环境规制强度、市场化程度、公众环保意识和劳动产出效率传导出显著的中介效应;虽然西部地区的环境规制强度、市场化程度和公众环保意识传导的污染避难所促进作用,让西部地区具备成为污染者"乐园"的可能,但西部地区相对较低的劳动产出效率起到了更明显的污染避难所抑制作用,最终导致西部地区没有沦为污染避难所。但随着西部大开发进程的深入,西部地区与中东部地区劳动产出效率差距很有可能会渐渐缩小,导致其带来的污染避难所抑制作用逐步丧失。因此,设立合理的环境规制级差,从市场化程度和公众环保意识角度改善环境友好型产业的投资环境,同时正确对待来自中东部地区的产业转移,是避免西部地区在未来成为污染避难所的关键。     

1961~2013年长江三角洲地区霾日季节特征及变化分析

选取长江三角洲146个观测站1961~2013年的地面观测资料,分析了霾日季节性的年际、年代际长期变化及空间分布规律。结果表明,长江三角洲霾多发时段随年际增长逐渐由冬季蔓延至春季,秋季和夏季。长三角平均霾日的季节变率从60~70年代的72.5%~78.5%,80年代跌至61.2%,到90年代跌至55.3%,而在本世纪的13 a低达52.3%,体现了长三角霾日变化季节性的年代际特征,即近53 a季节差异在不断减小,霾趋于常年化发生。霾日季节性的空间分布及年际变化特征还表明:近53 a长三角霾日呈持续上升趋势,1980年以前的2个年代增长缓慢,并维持低霾日水平,尽管1980年以后仍然增长缓慢,但维持多霾日的较高水平。霾日高发区域主要集中在南京-镇江一带、上海西南部地区、湖州-杭州-绍兴-金华一带、宁波西北部地区,高值中心依次为金华西北部兰溪市的70.2 d,江苏南京市的 40.0 d,上海金山的38.0 d以及宁波余姚市的35.5 d。长三角中部的霾日年增长率整体低于南部和北部地区,江苏中部及南部、浙江南部及东部沿海、安徽东南部地区是霾日年际增长高值区。长三角霾日年际变化趋势以夏季增长率最高,其次是秋季、春季,冬季霾日年际变化趋势普遍增长率最低,近53 a来长江三角洲大部分地区出现了霾日季节性差异变小的季节性变异特征。     

Ontogenetic changes in alarm-call production and usage in meerkats (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Suricata suricatta</Emphasis>): adaptations or constraints?

In many species, individuals suffer major mortality in their first year because of predation. Behaviours that facilitate successful escape are therefore under strong selection, but anti-predator skills often emerge gradually during an individual’s early development. Using long-term data and acoustic recordings of alarm calls collected during natural predator encounters, we aimed to elucidate two largely unsolved issues in anti-predator ontogeny: (1) whether incorrect predator assignment is adaptively age-appropriate, given that vulnerability often changes during development, or whether age-related differences reflect true mistakes made by immature individuals; and (2) the extent to which the development of adult-like competence in alarm-call production and usage is simply a function of maturational processes or dependent upon experience. We found that young meerkats (Suricata suricatta) were less likely to give alarm calls than adults, but alarmed more in response to non-threatening species compared to adults. However, stimuli that pose a greater threat to young than adults did not elicit more calling from young; this argues against age-related changes in vulnerability as the sole explanation for developmental changes in calling. Young in small groups, who were more likely to watch out for predators, alarmed more than less vigilant young in larger groups. Moreover, despite similarities in acoustic structure between alarm call types, calls appeared in the repertoire at different rates, and those that were associated with frequently encountered predators were produced relatively early on. These results indicate that experience is a more plausible explanation for such developmental trajectories than maturation.