WATER RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS IN WEST CENTRAL IRAN USING LANDSAT DATA1

ABSTRACT: Extensive investigations have been undertaken to determine the utility of Landsat data for detecting and analyzing hydrologic characteristics of an interior watershed of Iran that drains to Daryachehye-Namak (salt lake). This interior playa serves as the terminus for surface water discharging to it from the Karaj, Shur, Saveh, and Ghom Rivers and ground water from their underlying aquifers. These drainage systems encompass heavily populated and industrial sectors of west central Iran, including Tehran. The result of this investigation demonstrates the applicability of Landsat data for mapping and monitoring water regimen as an aid in interpreting hydrologic conditions throughout this arid region. Fluctuation of water area in a playa lake, occupying the lowest part of this closed basin, was monitored on repetitive Landsat coverage. As the result of field investigations combined with optical and digital analyses of the Landsat data, fluctuating water depths were determined in order to estimate the volume of water present in this lake during various seasons. A comparison between stream discharge rates and the estimated volume of standing water make it possible to quantitatively evaluate the hydrologic regimen and to detect the significance of ground water discharge.     

Transfer of Cs into fish in small forest lakes

The transfer of ¹³⁷Cs into fish in seepage and drainage lakes from 1988 to 1992 was analysed using linear regression. Empirical results for ¹³⁷Cs in lake water and fish were used to calculate concentration factors (CFs). In the drainage lakes the CF decreased during the study period by 9% per year whereas in the seepage lakes the CF increased significantly by 4.3% per year. The transfer of ¹³⁷Cs into pike was significantly (1.6 times) higher than that into perch. The CF increased on average by 3.4% for each 1-cm increase in the median size of perch. The relationship between the water chemistry and the CF differed between clear-water seepage and brown-water drainage lakes.     

Formation and Evolution of Ancient Lakes on South Coast Plain of Laizhou Bay

Abstract

Based on the data of historical geography, the analysis of the stratigraphic section, and the textual research of place names and satellite photographic interpretations, the authors study the formation and evolution of ancient lakes on the south coast plain of Laizhou Bay where there were once three lakes: Judian Lake, Qingshuibo Lake and Biehua Lake. All the lakes formed 6000 years ago evolved from the lagoons near the estuary and went through two periods, the golden age in the Middle Holocene and the shrinking age in the Late Holocene. The disappearance of the lakes resulted from the drying climate, the migration of the river courses and the activities of human beings. Among the three reasons, the migration of the river courses is the main one.     

鄱阳湖区域旅游整体形象策划研究

在鄱阳湖区域内,以鄱阳湖为龙头,与周边湖口、星子、德安、永修、新建、南昌、进贤、余干、波阳、都昌诸县和九江市庐山区以及与鄱阳湖相近相通的南昌市区组成一个集名山、名江、名湖、名城为一体的独具特色的旅游圈。 为把鄱阳湖区域发展成为集旅游、度假、休闲、娱乐为一体的国内外著名的旅游目的地,湖区各级旅游组织和旅游目的地,应遵循整体性、地域性、市场性、持续性、大众参与性、可操作性原则,充分发挥鄱阳湖旅游业的经济、社会与环境功能,实施规模化经营、一体化发展战略,从理念识别（MI）、视觉识别（VI）、行为识别（BI）等角度协调构建旅游形象识别体系,在此基础上形成具有独特性与市场冲击力的总体形象理念,提炼出针对不同目标市场和消费群体的差异性极强的总体形象宣传口号,创造具有赣鄱特色的整体旅游新形象。根据鄱阳湖地脉、文脉、旅游资源特色与旅游产品主题,可将主题形象定位为：东方“山江湖”,世界“后花园”。与此相适应的整体形象宣传口号为：华夏“山江湖”都会之地,世界“山江湖”奇观胜境。     

FLOW ANALYSIS OF LANDSLIDE DAMMED LAKE WATERSHEDS: A CASE STUDY1

Abstract: The Chi-Chi earthquake, which occurred on September 21, 1999, and had a magnitude of 7.3 on the Richter scale, resulted in an extensive landslide that blocked the Ching-Shui Creek in Taiwan, forming a large lake with a storage volume of 40 million m³. This paper describes an analytical procedure used to perform flow analysis of the Tsao-Ling watershed, which includes the new landslide dammed lake. In this study, a digital elevation model was applied to obtain the watershed geomorphic factors and stage-area storage function of the landslide dammed lake. Satellite images were used to identify the landslide area and the land cover change that occurred as a result of the earthquake. Two topography-based runoff models were applied for long term and short term streamflow analyses of the watershed because the watershed upstream of the landslide dam was ungauged. The simulated daily flow and storm runoff were verified using limited available measured data in the watershed, and good agreement was obtained. The proposed analytical procedure for flow analysis is considered promising for application to other landslide dammed lake watersheds.     

避洪耐涝生态农业的发展方向与思路——洞庭湖退田还湖区案例研究

在退田还湖区发展避洪耐涝生态农业，是提高移民收入、脱贫致富奔小康、提高移民安置质量和拓展安置容量的重要途径。根据洞庭湖区的农业优势和退田还湖区发展高效生态农业的基础和条件，将其发展的总体方向确定为实现避洪耐涝高效特色生态农业产业化。其基本思路是：（1）双退垸行洪区面对洪水渍水重点发展耐涝性强的水生蔬菜、水生饲料及特种名优渔类产业；（2）单退垸区避开洪水重点发展粮油、林草、畜牧业等主导产业；面对洪水、渍水发展耐涝性强的水禽和特种水产养殖业；（3）蓄洪垸区避开特大洪水大力发展粮食、经济作物，突出发展草食牧畜业，积极发展水禽和特种渔类养殖业。通过发展差异性的避洪耐涝生态农业，建设具有支柱产业链特色的粮油生产基地、畜禽生产基地、林木、蔬菜生产基地，特种水产养殖基地，最终实现高效生态农业产业化。     

Functions of Straw for In Situ Remediation of Acidic Mining Lakes

The addition of straw in combination with Carbokalk, a by-product from the sugar-industry, was successfully used to stimulate microbial alkalinity generation in an acidic mining lake. To get detailed information about functions of straw, anenclosure experiment was carried out. Straw bundles were placedat the sediment surface of an acidic mining lake (ML 111) and thephysiochemical conditions and the microbiology of the sediment-water contact zone were studied. Straw was degraded by anaerobic microorganisms and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leached from straw bundles. Pigmented flagellates responded to the DOC supply in the water column anda considerable amount of algal carbon was transported to the sediment. Straw addition led to microbial reduction of iron andsulfate in the sediment. Sulfate reduction was observed at a pHof 5.5. The pH, however, was not high enough to precipitate H₂S completely. Thus, some H₂S diffused into the watercolumn, where it was reoxidized. Straw did not create orstabilize an anoxic water body above the sediment. Microbial sulfate reduction and pyrite formation only took place in the sediment,whereas iron reduction also took place in the straw. Straw, however, altered the flow conditions above the sediment surfaceand prevented complete mixing of the profundal water. Straw didnot serve as a substratum for a reactive biofilm. We conclude that the most important function of straw for mining lake remediation is to be a long-term nutrient source for microbialalkalinity generation in the sediment.     

Reconstruction of Long-Term Changes in Lake water Chemistry,Zooplankton and Benthos of a Small,Acidified High-Mountain Lake: Magic Modelling and Palaeolimnogical Analysis

Starolesnianske pleso is a small and shallow acid lake in the High Tatra Mountains, situated at 2000 m above sea level, on granitic bedrock, with sparse and thin soil cover. When detailed measurements began in the 1980s Starolesnianske pleso had pH below 5 and only one species of cladoceran zooplankton, the ubiquitous Chydorus sphaericusPalaeolimnological investigations show changes in cladoceran zooplankton and chironomid zoobenthic assemblages since about 1920 and a major change in 1970–1980. The dynamic acidification model MAGIC was used to reconstruct changes in water chemistry over the past 150 years. The results from MAGIC agree well with the sediment record; pH levels gradually decreased from 6.5 in the mid-1800s to about 5.6 in 1920 (first response in biota) to below 5.0 by 1970, and concentrations of inorganic aluminium rose dramatically beginning about 1960. In the 1990s the lake water chemistry showed clear signs of reversal in acidification brought about by a major decline in S deposition.     

Hydrogeological Basis for Biotechnological Remediation of the Acidic Mining Lake ‘RL 111’, Lusatia (Germany)

The drainage basin of the acidic mining lake RL 111 was characterized by hydrogeological and geochemical models to assess its influence on a planned biotechnological remediation of the lake water and lake sediment. Ground, seepage and lake water, as well as the surrounding sediments, were examined to model the hydrodynamic processes and the geochemical developmentof the lake. The geochemical conditions seem to behave in a stable manner (steady state conditions). A reduction of the high sulphate andacid input has not been observed since the beginning of our investigations. The biotechnological remediation of the whole lake should consider a treatment of the dump sediments to improvethe quality of the inflowing groundwater, as well as to reduce erosion.     

IN-LAKE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR A RECREATIONAL LAKE IN CENTRAL ILLINOIS1

Johnson Sauk Trail Lake remains highly eutrophic, even though the watershed has long been returned to an undisturbed condition with permanent vegetative cover and with little or no land disturbance in the watershed. Internal regeneration of nutrients has been identified as the major source of nutrients to the lake. Lake destratification, selective harvesting and removal of weeds, and control of algal blooms using chelated copper sulfate application followed by potassium permanganate application have all been chosen as management techniques for improving water quality conditions in the lake. These in-lake techniques are considered not as palliative measures, but as necessary tools in enhancing the lake's water quality characteristics.