应用植物酯酶抑制技术测定蔬菜水果中农药残留量

应用植物酯酶的抑制技术,测定蔬菜水果中有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药残留量的简易薄层—植物酶抑制(TLC-EI)法。该法对多种农药的最小检出量为毫微克(ng)级,最小检出浓度为0.01pm,添加回收率在80％以上。     

单甲脒等农药的土壤薄层层析行为

用土壤薄层层析法研究单甲脒，单甲脒盐酸盐、灭幼脲和涕灭威等农药在不同土壤中的迁移行为，分别获得了这几种化合物的Ｒｆ值，它们分别为０．１４、０．１７，０．０８，０．７６，研究表明，单脒，单甲脒盐酸盐和灭幼脲不会污染地下水，而涕灭威则会对地下水污染构成严重的威胁。     

加强农药的环境管理刻不容缓

介绍和分析了农药对我国生态环境污染与危害的现状。指出造成我国农药环境污染严重的重要原因是缺乏必要的环境监督管理 ,研究制定出符合我国国情的农药污染控制政策与措施已经刻不容缓     

珠江河口水体有机磷农药的含量与季节变化

定期采集珠江口地区3条河涌的水样,分析9种有机磷农药(OPPs)含量及其时空变化规律.监测期间,9种OPPs中有7种被检出,检出率由高到低依次为:甲拌磷(97.5%)、敌敌畏(80.0%)、乙拌磷(77.5%)、灭线磷(15.0%)、乐果(10.0%)、甲基对硫磷(5.0%)、毒死稗(5.0%).∑OPPs浓度为0.46~43.60μg/L,平均为7.25μg/L,与其他地区相比处于较高的污染水平.珠江口有机磷农药的污染状况受季节影响十分显著.从丰水期至枯水期,沙湾水道、蕉门水道、万顷沙∑OPPs均值分别从7.82μg/L降至2.24μg/L,10.58μg/L降至6.46μg/L,13.08μg/L降至3.32μg/L.3条水道水质受农田面积、种植类型等因素的影响,OPPs污染状况和组成有较大的差异.     

The Avoidance Responses of Daphnia magna to the Exposure of Organophosphorus Pesticides in an On-Line Biomonitoring System

In this study, avoidance behavior of the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna Straus was used as indicator to assess the early stress of accidental organophosphorus pesticide (OP) contamination. The movement behavior was detected by a multi-species biomonitoring system. There was obvious concentration–response relationship between the OP stress and the behavioral response even at sublethal exposure. A rising OP stress resulted in a significant decrease of response time to escape (RTE; p<0.05). In comparison of different OPs, it was found that there was a power regression between RTE and the toxic unit of OPs. Therefore, the avoidance behavior of D. magna was a sensitive indicator of sublethal OP stress, and the power relationship could be used to predict the early warning thresholds of more OPs in the on-line biomonitoring system.     

The early warning of aquatic organophosphorus pesticide contamination by on-line monitoring behavioral changes of Daphnia magna

In this paper, the movement behavior of Daphnia magna was studied as a bio-indicator of organophosphorous pesticide (OP) contamination, using an on-line bio-monitoring method, the Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitor. A static test of acute toxicity test revealed the 24-h and 48-h LC(50) values (95% confidence limit) for Daphnia magna to be respectively 0.45 microg/l and 0.21 microg/l for dipterex 3.80 microg/l and 0.90 microg/l for malathion, and 1.25 microg/l and 0.38 microg/l for parathion. The behavior strength of Daphnia magna was a sensitive indicator of sublethal OP stress and resulted in significant concentration-response relationships for the three OPs. Increasing OP concentration will result in more intensive behavioral responses of Daphnia magna and shorter response time, which could be described by the Stepwise Stress Model (SSM). Therefore movement behavior can be effectively applied in early warning of environment quality by on-line bio-monitoring. The intensive changes in behavior strength of Daphnia magna over a short time follow the SSM concept and can be used as an indicator of early stress response to OP accidental contamination.     

固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定水中痕量有机氯农药

建立了固相微萃取-气相色谱联用快速测定水中14种痕量有机氯农药的方法,对比研究了浸入式直接固相微萃取与顶空固相微萃取两种方式对不同有机氯农药的富集效率,优化了试验条件.方法线性关系良好,检出限为0.1 ng/L～10 ng/L,定量下限为0.2 ng/L～40 ng/L,RSD＜8%,实际水样的加标回收率为67.0%～133%.     

农药行业规划环境影响评价中的风险评价

针对专项工业规划环境影响评价中环境风险评价应用尚不成熟的现状,建立了一套专项工业规划环境风险评价方法,并将其应用到江苏省农药行业总体规划环境影响评价分析中。从环境风险角度分析行业发展方向、强度和布局的合理性,提出规划调整和行业风险管理的建议,以降低事故发生的概率和影响,保障行业的健康稳定发展。通过对江苏省农药行业规划明确的产品结构、产业组织结构、创新体系和技术发展目标等进行风险识别、分析和评价,得出生产和使用光气的定点企业、使用液氯的企业、产生硫化氢的企业的环境风险防护距离（以生产装置为起点）应至少设置为1 000,500,250 m。     

Spatial Relationships Between Water Quality and Pesticide Application Rates in Agricultural Watersheds

Pesticide applications to agricultural lands in California, USA, are reported to a central data base, while data on water and sediment quality are collected by a number of monitoring programs. Data from both sources are geo-referenced, allowing spatial analysis of relationships between pesticide application rates and the chemical and biological condition of water bodies. This study collected data from 12 watersheds, selected to represent a range of pesticide usage. Water quality parameters were measured during six surveys of stream sites receiving runoff from the selected watershed areas. This study had three objectives: to evaluate the usefulness of pesticide application data in selecting regional monitoring sites, to provide information for generating and testing hypotheses about pesticide fate and effects, and to determine whether in-stream nitrate concentration was a useful surrogate indicator for regional monitoring of toxic substances. Significant correlations were observed between pesticide application rates and in-stream pesticide concentrations (p < 0.05) and toxicity (p < 0.10). In-stream nitrate concentrations were not significantly correlated with either the amount of pesticides applied, in-stream pesticide concentrations, or in-stream toxicity (all p > 0.30). Neither total watershed area nor the area in which pesticide usage was reported correlated significantly with the amount of pesticides applied, in-stream pesticide concentrations, or in-stream toxicity (all p > 0.14). In-stream pesticide concentrations and effects were more closely related to the intensity of pesticide use than to the area under cultivation.     

The Status of Pesticide Residues in the Drinking Water Sources in Meiliangwan Bay, Taihu Lake of China

The study was carried out to assess the levels of pesticide residues in the water of Meiliangwan Bay, Taihu Lake of China. The most commonly employed organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) and herbicide atrazine were analyzed. The water samples were collected seasonally from Meiliangwan Bay within a period of one year. The pesticides were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) with μECD or NPD after solid-phase extraction (SPE), which was confirmed by GC with an ion trap mass spectrometry (MS). The mean concentrations were 1.98 ng/l for lindane, 0.378 ng/l for heptachlor epoxide, 0.367 ng/l for p,p′-DDE, 0.496 ng/l for p,p′-DDD, 1.06 ng/l for p,p′-DDT and 51.6 ng/l for dichlorvos, 39.0 ng/l for demeton, 346 ng/l for dimethoate, 4.12 ng/l for methyl parathion, 11.6 ng/l for malathion, 2.17 ng/l for parathion and 217 ng/l for atrazine. Generally, low concentrations of OCP were found, whereas the concentrations of the OPPs and atrazine in the water of Taihu Lake were relatively high. Heptachlor epoxide and lindane were the two most commonly encountered OCPs while dichlorvos, demeton and dimethoate were found to have much higher concentrations and occurrences than other OPPs.