Pollution characteristics of particulate matters emitted from outdoor barbecue cooking in urban Jinan in eastern China

To understand the pollution characteristics of particulate matter emitted from outdoor barbecue cooking in eastern China, measurements of the PM_2.5 mass concentration, the number concentration of particles with a diameter of 0.01 to 1.0 μm, and the particle size distribution from 0.3 to 25 μm were carried out at seven barbecue restaurants in urban Jinan. The average PM_2.5 mass concentration and sub-micron particle number concentrations at a distance of 1 m from the grills were 250 to 1083 μg/m³ and 0.90 × 10⁵ to 2.23 × 10⁵ cm^–3, respectively, which were much higher than those in the ambient air of the urban area. Compared to the ambient atmosphere, barbecue cooking emitted very high levels of particles with a larger increase in the concentrations of super-micron particles than that of sub-micron particles. The super-micron particle number concentrations at the barbecue restaurants were 10 to 100 times higher than those observed in the ambient urban atmosphere. The barbecue smoke had a significant effect on the particle concentrations in the surrounding region. Both mass and number concentrations of particles exhibited maximum values immediately near the barbecue grills and often reached a peak at a distance of 10 to 15 m. The removal efficiency of a range hood for the cooking particles was tested in an indoor kitchen. The range hood effectively cleaned the particulate matter pollution caused by cooking with a removal efficiency larger than 80%. Therefore, the use of a range hood is recommended for outdoor barbecue restaurants coupled with a smoke purifier to clean the emitted high concentrations of particles.

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汽车尾气颗粒物对动物肺泡巨噬细胞的免疫毒性及比较

研究汽车尾气颗粒物气管染毒后对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞免疫功能的影响，结果是动物肺泡巨噬细胞Ｆｃ受体表达、ＡＭ抗肿瘤细胞毒作用、抗体介导细胞毒作用受到抑制，具有明显的剂量效应关系；总体比较，汽油车尾气颗粒物对ＡＭ免疫功能影响较柴油车严重。     

低温等离子体治理柴油机尾气污染的研究进展

柴油发动机以其良好的燃油经济性和动力学特性得到广泛应用,但是其尾气排放中的氮氧化物有害气体和难以分解的微粒物含量较多,造成了严重环境污染。目前,研究开发中的柴油机尾气后处理技术,如还原催化转化、氧化催化转化和微粒捕集等,存在催化剂价格昂贵、催化活性低、有效温度范围小和捕集器保持清洁状态困难等不足。国内外大量的研究结果证明,基于气体放电的低温等离子体技术能有效降低柴油机尾气污染物排放,且无二次污染。本文通过低温等离子体的产生,柴油机尾气中的氮氧化物和微粒物的净化,综合介绍了低温等离子体净化柴油机尾气技术的研究进展,针对当前研究中存在的问题,论述了今后的发展趋势。     

The Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) as a tool for the assimilation of high frequency water quality data

The Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) was applied to the analysis of high frequency field measurements of dissolved oxygen (DO), water temperature, salinity, collected by multiparametric sensors in the lagoon of Venice. This paper focuses on the practical aspects of the implementation of the EKF as a data assimilation technique and does not deal with the problems associated with the identification of the model. In this regard, the EKF has proved to be a useful tool for the updating of the estimates of the parameters of a simple DO-chlorophyll model, which can be used for linking the high frequency data to meteorological forcings, such as solar radiation and wind, and to other low frequency measurements of water quality parameters, such as the concentrations of Chlorophyll a and nutrients. The model can subsequently be used as a tool for checking the consistency of all this data, and may also be employed for controlling the quality of the data collected by the multiparametric sensors.     

Inhalation health effects of fine particles from the co-combustion of coal and refuse derived fuel

This paper is concerned with health effects from the inhalation of particulate matter (PM) emitted from the combustion of coal, and from the co-combustion of refuse derived fuel (RDF) and pulverized coal mixtures, under both normal and low NO_x conditions. Specific issues focus on whether the addition of RDF to coal has an effect on PM toxicity, and whether the application of staged combustion (for low NO_x) may also be a factor in this regard.

Ash particles were sampled and collected from a pilot scale combustion unit and then re-suspended and diluted to concentrations of 1000 μg/m³. These particles were inhaled by mice, which were held in a nose-only exposure configuration. Exposure tests were for 1 h per day, and involved three sets (eight mice per set) of mice. These three sets were exposed over 8, 16, and 24 consecutive days, respectively. Pathological lung damage was measured in terms of increases in lung permeability.

Results show that the re-suspended coal/RDF ash appeared to cause very different effects on lung permeability than did coal ash alone. In addition, it was also shown that a “snapshot” of lung properties after a fixed number of daily 1-h exposures, can be misleading, since apparent repair mechanisms cause lung properties to change over a period of time. For the coal/RDF, the greatest lung damage (in terms of lung permeability increase) occurred at the short exposure period of 8 days, and thereafter appeared to be gradually repaired. Ash from staged (low NO_x) combustion of coal/RDF appeared to cause greater lung injury than that from unstaged (high NO_x) coal/RDF combustion, although the temporal behavior and (apparent) repair processes in each case were similar. In contrast to this, coal ash alone showed a slight decrease of lung permeability after 1 and 3 days, and this disappeared after 12 days. These observations are interpreted in the light of mechanisms proposed in the literature. The results all suggest that the composition of particles actually inhaled is important in determining lung injury. Particle size segregated leachability measurements showed that water soluble sulfur, zinc, and vanadium, but not iron, were present in the coal/RDF ash particles, which caused lung permeabilities to increase. However, the differences in health effects between unstaged and staged coal/RDF combustion could not be attributed to variations in pH values of the leachate.     

柴油车加载减速烟度测试工况的关联规则研究

进行在用柴油车加载减速烟度检测工况点的关联规则研究。应用数据挖掘方法对4730台次柴油车的加载减速烟度排放检测数据进行分析,挖掘该检测方法中的三种检测工况点测试烟度值HSU100、HSU90、HSU80合格与否相互之间的关联规则。发现该三种检测工况烟度排放检测合格的相互支持度在85.8%~90.68%范围内,而其中任一种检测工况下烟度测试合格相对车辆烟度检测合格的支持度为77.8%。     

Two-stage chemical fractionation method for the analysis of elements and non-volatile inorganic ions in PM10 samples: Application to ambient samples collected in Rome (Italy)

A two-stage micro-analytical scheme for the determination of metals and ions in atmospheric particulate matter collected on only one Teflon filter was developed. In the first stage the collected particles are chemically fractionated for their solubility in a pH-buffered extracting solution; in the second stage the residue is mineralised. The major non-volatile inorganic ions (Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, Na⁺, NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) are determined in the first fraction by ion-chromatography (IC), while metals and metalloids (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Sb, Se, Si, Ti, V, Zn) are determined in both the acetate extractable and the mineralised residual fractions by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).The procedure was applied to ambient 24-h PM₁₀ samples collected on Teflon filters during two field campaigns carried out at two sites in the area of Rome (Italy). The variations in the chemical composition of the collected particles during the two periods were interpreted in the light of the dilution properties of the lower atmosphere and of the back-trajectories of the air masses. The difference in the results between the two locations was interpreted in the light of their proximity to the emission sources. It was found that the acetate extractable and the mineralised residual fraction of some metals exhibit a different temporal pattern, suggesting the existence of different emission sources of the two fractions.     

减少香烟毒性的研究进展

介绍了减少香烟中焦油和尼古丁含量，降低其毒性的不同方法。制成复合过滤嘴或采用新型过滤材料可以取得较好的去除效果。在烟草中加入添加剂或采用其他烟草替代物也可在一定程度上改善香烟的性质，减轻香烟的毒害。     

Passivsammler zur Wasseruntersuchung

Zusammenfassung  Durch r?umlich integrale Bestimmung der Schadstofffrachten [1] und zeitlich integrales Monitoring mit Schadstoff-Dosimetern [1] l?sst sich Topographie und Bewegung von Schadstofffahnen im Grundwasser bestimmen. Konventionelle Methoden der Entnahme und Untersuchung von Wasserproben sind ungeeignet zur Erfüllung dieser Anforderungen. Sorptionsaktive Passivsammler, die für entsprechende Untersuchungen in der Gasphase konzipiert sind, eignen sich nicht zur Aquiferuntersuchung. Die Passivsammler zur Untersuchung im ungest?rten Aquifer sind zentraler Bestandteil eines Systems von Probenahme- und Messsonden, das die Autoren für das Monitoring chemischer und hydraulischer Wasser-Parameter entwickelt haben. Mit den Passivsammlern lassen sich die relativen Schadstofffrachten in beliebig enger tiefenorientierter Anordnung der Messpunkte und auch zeitlich integriert zur Gewinnung von vertikalen relativen Schadstofffracht-Profilen ermitteln. Organische und anorganische relative Schadstofffrachten k?nnen damit bestimmt werden. Die gaiasafe-Passivsammler sind einfach handhabbar und lassen sich nach standardisierten chemischen Analysenmethoden auswerten. Damit erfüllen sie eine Reihe wesentlicher Anforderungen an das zielführende Monitoring von Schadstofffahnen. Die Passivsammler sind auch geeignet für die In-situ-Untersuchung von ruhigen und bewegten Gew?ssern auch in gro?er Tiefe z.B. Abw?sserkan?le, Kl?ranlagen, Flüsse und Meere und insbesondere zum Nachweis von Kontaminanten und Spurenstoffen in Wasserproben. Online First: 10. 01. 2001