可吸入颗粒物研究现状及发展综述

可吸入颗粒物严重影响空气质量和人体健康。人类对可吸入颗粒物的研究已经取得了相当多的成果,对其来源、组分及形成等都有了一定的认识。本文详细的综述了这部分内容,并对可吸入颗粒物的采样、分离和分析方法都做了介绍。更深层的认识可吸入颗粒物的生成机理和脱除手段是以后努力研究的方向。     

Optimization of ecosystem model parameters using spatio-temporal soil moisture information

Parameters in process-based terrestrial ecosystem models are often nonlinearly related to the water flux to the atmosphere, and they also change temporally and spatially. Therefore, for estimating soil moisture, process-based terrestrial ecosystem models inevitably need to specify spatially and temporally variant model parameters. This study presents a two-stage data assimilation scheme (TSDA) to spatially and temporally optimize some key parameters of an ecosystem model which are closely related to soil moisture. At the first stage, a simplified ecosystem model, namely the Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS), is used to obtain the prior estimation of daily soil moisture. After the spatial distribution of 0–10 cm surface soil moisture is derived from remote sensing, an Ensemble Kalman Filter is used to minimize the difference between the remote sensing model results, through optimizing some model parameters spatially. At the second stage, BEPS is reinitialized using the optimized parameters to provide the updated model predictions of daily soil moisture. TSDA has been applied to an arid and semi-arid area of northwest China, and the performance of the model for estimating daily 0–10 cm soil moisture after parameter optimization was validated using field measurements. Results indicate that the TSDA developed in this study is robust and efficient in both temporal and spatial model parameter optimization. After performing the optimization, the correlation (r²) between model-predicted 0–10 cm soil moisture and field measurement increased from 0.66 to 0.75. It is demonstrated that spatial and temporal optimization of ecosystem model parameters can not only improve the model prediction of daily soil moisture but also help to understand the spatial and temporal variation of some key parameters in an ecosystem model and the corresponding ecological mechanisms controlling the variation.     

Palm oil biodiesel: An assessment of PAH emissions, oxidative potential and ecotoxicity of particulate matter

This work assessed the impact of fuelling an automotive engine with palm biodiesel (pure, and two blends of 10% and 20% with diesel, B100, B10 and B20, respectively) operating under representative urban driving conditions on 17 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds, oxidative potential of ascorbic acid (OP^AA), and ecotoxicity through Daphnia pulex mortality test. PM diluted with filtered fresh air (WD) gathered in a minitunel, and particulate matter (PM) collected directly from the exhaust gas stream (W/oD) were used for comparison. Results showed that PM collecting method significantly impact PAH concentration. Although all PAH appeared in both, WD and W/oD, higher concentrations were obtained in the last case. Increasing biodiesel concentration in the fuel blend decreased all PAH compounds, and those with 3 and 5 aromatic rings were the most abundant. Palm biodiesel affected both OP^AA and ecotoxicity. While B10 and B20 exhibited the same rate of ascorbic acid (AA) depletion, B100 showed significant faster oxidation rate during the first four minutes and oxidized 10% more AA at the end of the test. B100 and B20 were significantly more ecotoxic than B10. The lethal concentration LC50 for B10 was 6.13 mg/L. It was concluded that palm biodiesel decreased PAH compounds, but increased the oxidative potential and ecotoxicity.     

Structure-related distribution of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and HCB in a river-sea system

Water concentrations of PCDD/Fs, HCB, and non-ortho, mono-ortho, and non-dioxin-like PCBs were measured four times during 1 year in a coastal area of the Baltic Sea, to investigate background levels and distribution behaviour. Sampling sites included two rivers, an estuary, and the sea. Particulate and apparently dissolved concentrations were determined using active sampling (filters + PUFs), while freely dissolved concentrations were determined using passive sampling (POM-samplers). The distribution between particulate + colloidal and freely dissolved phases, in the form of TOC-normalized distribution ratios (K_TOC), was found to be near or at equilibrium. The observed K_TOC were not significantly different between sampling sites or seasons. For PCDD/Fs, the concentrations were significantly correlated to suspended particulate matter (SPM), while no correlation to organic carbon (TOC) was observed. In the estuary and the sea, PCB concentrations were correlated to TOC. The sorption of various congeners to SPM and TOC appeared to be related to both hydrophobicity and 3D-structure. The PCDD/F concentration in the sea decreased to one third in May, likely connected to the increased vertical flux of particles during the spring bloom.     

屏蔽门对地铁站台颗粒物分布的影响研究

通过2018年1月的污染天和非污染天在上海人民广场地铁站对装有屏蔽门系统的1号线站台和装有安全门系统的2号线站台上的颗粒物数量浓度进行监测并作对比研究,结果表明:污染天和非污染天,安装屏蔽门系统的站台颗粒物数量浓度相对于安全门系统分别降低2.08%~35.44%和5.69%~51.31%。屏蔽门站台的颗粒物浓度表现为后站台>前站台>中站台;安全门系统颗粒物浓度无规律。屏蔽门系统站台的颗粒物在人体内的沉积量要低于安全门系统,站台两端的颗粒物在人体内的沉积量高于站台中间。     

宁波和温州地区夏季大气中不同粒径颗粒物特征分析

对宁波地区北仑和奉化站、温州地区乐清站3个监测点夏季TSP、PM10、PM2.5和PM1.0进行监测,测试分析各种粒径颗粒物浓度水平和粒径分布特征,并通过化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型对颗粒物进行源解析。监测结果显示,夏季宁波、温州地区TSP和PM10日均浓度为0.049～0.134mg/m3和0.025～0.084mg/m3,均未超过我国环境空气质量二级标准;PM2.5日均浓度为0.007～0.069mg/m3,按美国2006年EPA最新标准限值0.035mg/m3衡量,奉化、乐清、北仑站的超标天数占总监测天数的比例分别为75%、40%和37.5%。粒径分布统计结果显示,3个监测站点PM10占TSP的比例为48.78%～86.96%;PM2.5占TSP的比例为33.33%～72.46%;奉化和乐清监测点PM10中PM2.5和PM1.0的比例平均值在50%以上。源解析结果显示,夏季TSP主要来源于土壤尘,其次是建筑尘和煤烟尘,其贡献率分别为40.70%～55.49%、9.62%～13.64%和5.85%～17.28%。     

乌鲁木齐市大气PM2.5中重金属元素含量和富集特征

利用PM2.5／PM10便携式采样器采集了乌鲁木齐市5个功能区PM2.5,样品,用TAS-990石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪检测了PM2.5样品中Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Mn的含量。结果表明,乌鲁木齐大气PM2.5质量浓度变化趋势是冬季采暖盛期〉秋季采暖初期〉春季停暖初期〉夏季停暖期。参照《环境空气质量标准》（GB3095—2012）中的二级标准,采样期间卡子湾水泥厂区样品全部超标,其余4个采样点样品在冬季采暖盛期也全部超标,部分样品在非采暖期超标。富集因子法分析表明,乌鲁木齐市5个采样区PM2.5样品中Ni、Cu、Cd、Pb污染主要来自于人类活动,Mn则来源于地壳物质。     

传感技术在环境空气监测中的方法适用性研究

采用某品牌3台传感器,对环境空气中气态污染物(NO_2、SO_2、O_3、CO)和颗粒物(PM_(10)、PM_(2.5))进行为期1个月的连续监测,探讨传感技术在环境空气监测中的方法适用性。研究表明,3台传感器监测的各污染物质量浓度均显著相关,Pearson相关系数0.9(p0.01);监测的颗粒物与国控点数据显著相关且质量浓度水平接近,Pearson相关系数0.9(p0.01);PM_(2.5)传感器测定值相对于国控点数据的平均相对误差仅为-7.3%,均值绝对误差2μg/m~3;传感器在高湿度下的PM_(2.5)测定值与国控点数据相吻合,当相对湿度为80%～90%时,平均相对误差仅为-0.9%;传感器气态污染物测定值与国控点数据之间存在差异,电化学原理气态污染物传感器性能仍有待提升。     

Filter badge SO_2捕集-离子色谱法测定空气中二氧化硫

用Filter badge SO2捕集空气中SO2。用双氧水将捕集到的SO2氧化成SO42-,再用离子色谱法测定SO42-的浓度,按公式f SO2=2082×103×(T/τ)X计算,即可得到捕集时间内的平均SO2浓度f SO2(ppb)。     

黄河微污染原水预处理新方法的实验研究

利用沸石—活性碳组合填料生物滤池对黄河兰州段微污染原水预处理效果进行了实验研究,结果表明:在水力停留时间为40min,气水比为1∶1,水温为25~30℃的实验条件下,对NH4-N、CODMn、UV254、浊度、锰的平均去除率分别为95.0%、32.68%、9.42%、70.1%、91.3%,预处理效果明显,且具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力。