滴滴涕类农药在广东省沿海地区水产品中的残留及人体暴露水平

水产品的摄入是人体暴露于有机氯农药的主要途径之一.实验检测了采自广东省11个沿海城市水产市场的海鲜类水产品(包括6种虾类、2种蟹类和13种贝类共228个样品)中滴滴涕类农药(包括o,p’-DDT、p,p’-DDT、o,p’-DDD、p,p’-DDD、o,p’-DDE和p,p’-DDE)的残留.结果显示,DDTs在虾类、蟹类和贝类体内的平均湿重含量范围分别为0.8￣17.6ng·g-1、5.1￣16.0ng·g-1和0.6￣209.4ng·g-1.不同水产品之间因生活环境和生活习性的不同,导致其DDTs含量存在较大差别.与我国最新的食品残留标准(GB2763-2005)相比,所检测样品DDTs的含量均未超标.但若以美国环境保护局(USEPA)的标准来衡量,则DDTs含量超标的百分率达27.6%.据最近的膳食结构调查显示,广东省沿海地区的居民每天虾、蟹、贝类水产品的平均消费量为26.0g,因而通过海鲜类水产品每天摄入DDTs的量为2.4ng·kgbodyweight-1·day-1,这一结果远远低于我国设定的每日耐受摄入量(PTDI)和联合国粮农组织及世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)的相关标准.     

浙江温岭人群暴露参数

以浙江温岭市人群为研究对象,在借鉴美国国家环境保护局(US EPA)暴露参数方法学的基础上,以问卷调查方式进行不同途径下人群呼吸、皮肤、经口等暴露参数的研究.结果表明:研究地区男性、女性的呼吸速率分别为13.95和10.88 m3/d,分别比美国低34.81%和7.80%;男性、女性的体表面积分别为1.89和1.65 m2,分别比美国低3.57%和2.37%.研究地区成人饮水量为3 355.9 mL/d,饮食量为1 288.6 g/d,主要食用米、面及其制品和蔬菜,分别占41.63%和29.50%.如在同等条件下参考美国暴露参数,将会造成呼吸暴露剂量和经口暴露剂量偏小,而皮肤暴露剂量偏高的现象,在对浙江地区人群进行暴露评价和健康风险评价研究时,将会造成2.03%～80.59%的误差.      

Nitrate levels in fresh vegetables and berries from central Japan

Nitrate concentrations in 326 recent vegetables and berries sold in Niigata, located in central Japan, were investigated. Maximum nitrate concentrations of 6600 mg kg^?1 were detected in samples of komatsuna (Brassica campestris var. perviridis) and mizuna (B. campestris L.). Mean concentrations ranged from 4 mg kg^?1(blueberry) to 3500 mg kg^?1 (mizuna). Concentrations in spinach ranged from 10 to 6000 mg kg^?1 (mean 1500 mg kg^?1). Nitrate intake from spinach and Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus) were estimated to be 0.7 and 0.8 mg kg^?1 day^?1, respectively. These values are equivalent to 19% and 23% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Nitrate intake at the 90th percentile was estimated to be 1.3 mg kg^?1 day^?1 (35% of the ADI) from spinach and 1.6 mg kg^?1 day^?1 (43% of the ADI) from Japanese radish.     

Effect of waterborne boron and molybdenum on survival,growth and feed intake of Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

The effect of either boron (B) or molybdenum (Mo) on survival, growth and feed intake of Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton), advanced fry was studied in two separate experiments. Survival rates of C. mrigala fry (2.78±0.14 g) following 50 days’ exposure to B at 0.01 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg·L ^?1 were 100% at all concentrations except 8.0 mg·L ^?1 where the survival rate 87.5±7.5%. We observed 100% survival of mrigala fry at all concentrations of Mo, 0.02 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg·L ^?1. Both B and Mo at 0.5 mg·L ^?1 showed significantly (p<0.05) higher growth of the fish compared with control and other concentrations. B exposure at 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg·L ^?1 had no significant effect on growth rate, whereas at 8.0 mg B·L ^?1 growth of the fish almost ceased. Mo exposure at 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg·L ^?1 caused no significant effect on growth rate of the fish compared to control. Both B and Mo at all concentrations had no significant effect on feed intake of the fish compared with control, except at the highest concentration of boron (8.0 mg·L ^?1).     

膳食Cd摄入对土壤筛选值确定的影响

收集了2000~2014年发表的关于国内不同膳食中Cd浓度研究文献,统计出不同区域各种主要膳食中Cd含量,结合2002年开展的膳食总调查结果,计算了不同地区居民膳食Cd暴露量,推导了考虑膳食Cd暴露情景下土壤中Cd的健康风险评估筛选值.结果显示,我国居民膳食Cd摄入量低于FAO/WHO(联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织)于2010年颁布的允许Cd摄入量0.833μg/(kg体重?d).其中,全国范围内居民膳食Cd摄入量的平均值为0.444μg/(kg体重?d),高于北方[0.240μg/(kg体重?d)]、北京[0.160μg/(kg体重?d)]和上海[0.408μg/(kg体重?d)]地区的平均值,低于南方地区的平均值[0.518μg/(kg体重?d)].全国、北方及南方地区对Cd摄入量贡献最大的膳食主要为蔬菜、米及其制品、面及其制品、水产和肉类;北京地区对Cd摄入贡献较大的膳食依次为蔬菜、面及其制品、水果、米及其制品和水产;上海地区对Cd摄入贡献较大的膳食依次为蔬菜、水产、米及其制品、肉类.考虑膳食Cd摄入后推导的工商业用地情形下的筛选值低于不考虑膳食Cd摄入情形下的推导值(829mg/kg),其中,全国范围、北方、南方、北京和上海地区的筛选值分别为461,630,400,697和492mg/kg.基于不同尺度膳食摄入量的统计结果推导的筛选值差异明显,其中,南方地区筛选值是全国筛选值的86.8%,北方、北京和上海地区分别是全国范围推导值1.4倍、1.5倍和1.1倍.在制订国家层面Cd的筛选值时,应充分考虑各区域膳食Cd的暴露特性,以避免因制订统一值导致高估或低估局部区域居民的健康风险.     

Risk assessment of boron in glass wool insulation

Background, aim and scope  Glass wools are man-made vitreous fibres, which consist principally of sodium, calcium and magnesium silicates, but may contain smaller amounts of other elements, including boron. The boron contents originate from the use of borates in the glass melting process as a glass former and a flux agent. During the production and application of glass wool insulation products, workers may legally be exposed to glass fibre up to the occupational limit value, commonly of 1 fibre/cm³. However, in practice, the fibre exposure will be at least ten times lower. Boron is a non-metallic element widely distributed in nature, where it occurs as boric acid, borates and borosilicates. Humans are mainly exposed to boron via vegetarian food and drinking water, mineral supplements and various consumer products. Boron is an essential element for plant growth, but the essentiality for humans is not proven, although intakes of trace amounts of the element seem to be useful for bone health and proper brain function; higher concentrations of boron, however, may be toxic. In relation to the European Union legislation on dangerous substances, an EU Expert Group has recommended classifying boric acid and borates with risk phrases for reproductive toxicity. The aim of this paper is to assess whether the new EU hazard classification of boron compounds should imply that glass wool products used for building insulation in the future should be labelled, “may impair fertility and cause harm to the unborn child”, because of the low boron content. Materials and methods  Boron intakes are estimated in a worst-case occupational situation with human exposure to glass wool fibres at the occupational limit of 1 fibre/cm³ by calculation of the mass of the amount of fibres inhaled during an 8-h work day. Fibres are supposed to be cylinders of glass with a length of 30 μm, an average diameter of 1.5–2 μm and containing either 1.5% or 3.5% boron. As a worst-case scenario, the density of the fibres is set to 2,700 kg/m³. The inhalation rate of the individuals at moderate work load was set to 2 m³/h. A worst-case scenario also corresponds to 100% retention and to 100% solubility of the retained fibres in the lungs. Results  With the normal boron content of 1.5% in glass wool fibres for building insulation, the extra daily occupational boron intake/uptake will be 0.03–0.06 mg B for 5 days a week. For more uncommon glass wool with maximum boron content of 3.5%, the worst-case daily boron intake/uptake will be 0.08–0.16 mg B. The main boron exposure in the general population is from vegetarian food, and the average daily dietary intake with food is estimated to 1.2–1.5 mg B/day. In addition, significant intakes may come with drinking water, especially from mineral water. In some instances, exposure from mineral supplements, cosmetics and other consumer products may be significant. For example, individuals taking mineral supplements, e.g. for bodybuilding, may have an additional intake to that of 1–10 mg/day. During the years, various organisations have recommended safe intake values for boron. Recently, the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has established the ‘Tolerable Upper Intake Level’ (UL) for the intake of boron (boric acid and borates) at 0.16 mg B/kg body weight per day or about 10 mg B/day for an adult. Discussion  The calculated, worst-case exposure scenario during an 8-h work day will result in an extra daily boron intake that only corresponds to about 10% of the average daily adult boron intakes through food and drinks of about 1.5 mg. The inter-individual variations in boron intakes from foods, water and supplements will be much greater than an eventual, very worst-case, additional intake of boron from inhalation of glass wool fibres. In addition, the combined intakes are far lower than the ‘Tolerable Upper Intake Level’ of 10 mg B/day for a person weighing 60 kg, as recommended by the European Food Safety Agency. The potential boron intake from inhalation of glass wool fibres is also much lower than boron intakes by workers in the boron industry, who at the present occupational limit value will be exposed to 50 mg of boron 5 days a week, or 100 times more than the worst case for glass wool fibres. Furthermore, in practice, exposure levels will mostly be ten to 100 times lower than the occupational limit used here as a worst case. Conclusions  The estimated boron intake from inhalation of glass wool fibres in occupational settings will be insignificant and without any health risks, even in the case of non-compliance with the occupational limit value. Any proposal requiring hazard labels on commercial glass wool products for building insulation, because of the boron content, is not supported by the present scientific knowledge. Recommendations and perspectives  The European Commission should ensure that the new EU hazard classification of boron compounds is not applied to commercial glass wool products for building insulation having a low content of boron.     

人的二噁一日最大可摄取量(TDI)(日本)

介绍了日本 1999年度环境厅中央环境审议会环境保健分会 ,厚生省生活环境审议会 ,食品卫生调查会等发表的有关二的TDI的研究、计算、实验等方面内容     

我国北方某地区居民饮水暴露参数研究

饮水率是决定人体对水中污染物暴露和健康风险评估准确性的关键暴露参数之一,但我国至今没有其公开的调查结果,更未发布过与其相关的参数手册.采用问卷调查和实际测量的方法,对我国北方某地区城、乡2 500名居民的夏、秋季节直接饮水和食物间接饮水的特征进行了研究,并与国外情况进行了对比分析.结果表明:该地区男性、女性和全体被调查者饮水率平均值分别为2 852.8,2 586.4和2 720.5 mL/d,各年龄段居民的食物间接饮水率都明显大于直接饮水率,在总饮水率中间接饮水率所占比例平均值达到62.4%;全体被调查者直接饮水率比美国和日本分别高36.0%和54.0%.开展饮水健康风险评价时,应考虑城、乡人群的差异,且不可忽略间接饮用水的影响,采用国外的饮水率将可能增加风险的不确定性.      

广西靖西选矿厂取水对靖西县城河段水质的影响

根据广西华银铝业有限公司氧化铝厂——靖西选矿厂取水对靖西县城河段水质的影响，对靖西县城河段、入河排污现状，以及该河段纳污能力的计算进行分析评价。结果表明，该河段水体己受污染，主要污染因子为锰和粪大肠菌群。由此对存在的水环境问题提出相应的对策。     

水口电站对闽江河口咸潮入侵的影响

河流上大型电站的建设，在一定程度上会改变下游河道的径流特征，径流、潮流强度组合的变化，将影响咸潮的入侵，文章从水口电站前后闽江下游径流量变化入手，分析了水口电站对闽江河口咸潮入侵的影响。结果表明：（１）水口电站具有一定的季调节能力，有利于增大闽江河口咸潮入侵；（２）电站调峰不会加剧咸潮入侵的不利影响；（３）若电站关闸蓄水，则会加剧河口咸潮入侵。最后，提出了防止和减轻咸潮影响的对策措施。