Risk factors affecting crash injury severity for different groups of e-bike riders: A classification tree-based logistic regression model

IntroductionAs a convenient and affordable means of transportation, the e-bike is widely used by different age rider groups and for different travel purposes. The underlying reasons for e-bike riders suffering from severe injury may be different in each case.MethodThis study aims to examine the underlying risk factors of severe injury for different groups of e-bike riders by using a combined method, integration of a classification tree and a logistic regression model. Three-year of e-bike crashes occurring in Hunan province are extracted, and risk factor including rider’s attribute, opponent vehicle and driver’s attribute, improper behaviors of riders and drivers, road, and environment characteristics are considered for this analysis.ResultsE-bike riders are segmented into five groups based on the classification tree analysis, and the group of non-occupational riders aged over 55 in urban regions is associated with the highest likelihood of severe injury among the five groups. The logistics analysis for each group shows that several risk factors such as high-speed roads have commonly significant effects on injury severity for different groups; while major factors only have significant effects for specific groups.Practical applicationBased on model results, policy implications to alleviate the crash injury for different e-bike riders groups are recommended, which mainly include enhanced education and enforcement for e-bike risky behaviors, and traffic engineering to regulate the use of e-bikes on high speed roads.     

A case study of promoting CH4 discharge and preventing coal & gas outburst accidents by using cross-layer liquid injection technology

To solve the problem of gas extraction in coal bodies with the outburst risk, the cross-layer drilling fluid injection technology for protecting rock pillars is adopted to promote gas extraction. We combined theoretical calculations, laboratory experiments, and field tests to analyze the degree of fissure development in different parts of the coal body. We also determined the liquid injection parameters and negative extraction pressures. The CH₄ extraction effects of three stages before, during, and after liquid injection was compared. The results show that the possibility of coal outbursts in different parts is reduced by 58%∼70% by using liquid injection and pumping technology. The peak value of CH₄ pure flow in the main pipe is increased by 1.5–2.8 times, and the average value is increased by 1.8–2.6 times. The peak value of gas concentration at the orifice of the extraction hole is increased by 1.6–3.5 times, and the average value is increased by 1.6–4 times. Liquid injection to promote extraction greatly improves the gas extraction efficiency in coal bodies, which is of great significance to reducing cost, shortening the construction period, and ensuring safe production, and providing a reference for similar engineering construction.     

两种不同生态区坡改梯对土壤氮磷含量影响的研究

分别在干热河谷生态区和华西雨屏生态区的坡改梯地区设置试验小区和对照试验区,通过采集土壤样品进行室内分析,研究在不同的坡位、不同的季节变化下两种生态区实施坡改梯措施对土壤养分保持的效果.干热河谷生态区以清溪小流域为例,华西雨屏生态区以凤鸣小流域为例.试验结果表明,在两个生态区的坡改梯工程试验区,空间上,各个坡位氮磷养分的...     

平原感潮河网地区不同土地利用下营养盐迁移特征

分别在南通平原河网地区选择典型非圩区开展野外原位试验,用野外观测和室内分析相结合的方法,研究平原非圩区典型试验小区不同土地利用下营养盐在自然降雨—径流驱动下迁移的时空分布特征.结果表明,导致营养盐迁移时空分布存在显著差异的主要原因为不同的土地利用类型、施肥条件及植被覆盖度等,不同土地利用下的径流量差异是导致营养盐迁移通...     

Effects of vegetation type on soil microbial community structure and catabolic diversity assessed by polyphasic methods in North China

Soil microbes play a major role in ecological processes and are closely associated with the aboveground plant community.In order to understand the effects of vegetation type on the characteristics of soil microbial communities,the soil microbial communities were assessed by plate counts,phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and Biolog microplate techniques in five plant communities,i.e.,soybean field (SF),artificial turf (AT),artificial shrub (AS),natural shrub (NS),and maize field (MF) in Jinan,Shandong Province,North China.The results showed that plant diversity had little discernible effect on microbial biomass but a positive impact on the evenness of utilized substrates in Biolog microplate.Legumes could significantly enhance the number of cultural microorganisms,microbial biomass,and community catabolic diversity.Except for SF dominated by legumes,the biomass of fungi and the catabolic diversity of microbial community were higher in less disturbed soil beneath NS than in frequently disturbed soils beneath the other vegetation types.These results confirmed that high number of plant species,legumes,and natural vegetation types tend to support soil microbial communities with higher function.The present study also found a significant correlation between the number of cultured bacteria and catabolic diversity of the bacterial community.Different research methods led to varied results in this study.The combination of several approaches is recommended for accurately describing the characteristics of microbial communities in many respects.     

黄土丘陵区林草退耕年限对土壤团聚体特征的影响

随着国家退耕还林还草战略的实施、植被覆盖的变化,林、草地植被恢复进程中土壤团聚体特征的变化受到广泛关注.本研究以黄土丘陵区西部的官山林场退耕后栽植的刺槐林地、撂荒草地为对象,选取退耕年限为10、25 a的林、草地,采用湿筛法测定各样地0~30 cm土壤的水稳性团聚体组成,比较退耕还林、还草和退耕年限(10、25 a)对土壤水稳性团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)和分形维数(D)的影响.结果表明:退耕10 a的林地0~30 cm土层水稳性大团聚体含量(R0.25)、MWD和D分别为57.60%、1.91 mm和2.73;退耕25 a的林地分别为60.17%、1.88 mm和2.74;退耕10 a的草地分别为59.89%、1.82 mm和2.74;退耕25 a的草地分别为72.69%、2.71 mm和2.61.进一步分析证明,随着退耕年限的增加,土壤团聚性增强;但林草地的变化存在差异:恢复10 a阶段,土壤团聚性林地尚优于草地,25 a后草地优于林地.各样地土壤的SOC含量与R0.25呈显著正相关关系(p0.01),与D呈显著负相关关系(p0.05).退耕类型和退耕年限对土壤团聚性有显著影响.     

皖浙赣相邻区中元古代溪口岩群的划分与对比

通过1：25万区调工作，对变质岩区采用了构造一地(岩)层法填图，区域性标志层的追索与对比，以及所获得的同位素年龄成果，对研究区长期存在的同物异名及同名异物的现象得到了较好的理顺。根据溪口岩群的岩石组合、沉积构造、变质变形特征，将其划分为佛子坑、板桥、木坑、郑家坞四个岩组。溪口岩群和双桥山群、双溪坞群应属大致同时、但在不同大地构造背景下不同沉积环境的产物，溪口岩群与双桥山群、双溪坞群层位相当，但岩性组合差异较大。     

植茶年限对土壤酸度及其团聚体交换性酸分布的影响

为明晰土壤酸度与团聚体交换性酸对植茶年限的响应特征,采用野外实地调查和室内分析相结合的方法,以植茶16、23、31和53 a的土壤为研究对象,开展不同植茶年限对土壤酸度及其团聚体交换性酸分布的影响.结果表明:①随着植茶年限的延长,土壤pH逐渐降低,交换性氢、交换性铝和交换性酸含量均呈升高的趋势.各植茶年限土壤0~20 cm土层pH均低于>20~40 cm土层,而交换性氢、交换性铝和交换性酸含量则表现出相反的变化趋势,且交换性氢含量在植茶23 a后的增幅可达21.29%. ②土壤交换性氢、交换性铝和交换性酸含量均随团聚体粒径的减小而升高,各粒径团聚体交换性氢、交换性铝和交换性酸含量随植茶年限的延长而逐渐升高. ③各植茶年限土壤团聚体交换性氢的分配比例均远低于交换性铝.随团聚体粒径的减小,各植茶年限交换性氢的分配比例均呈升高的趋势,而交换性铝的分配比例则呈降低趋势. 0~20 cm土层各粒径团聚体交换性氢的分配比例均以植茶53 a时较高,为17.97%~19.69%;>20~40 cm土层各粒径团聚体交换性氢的分配比例以植茶16 a时较高,为19.51%~22.77%,而各粒径团聚体交换性铝的分配比例则呈相反的趋势.研究显示,长期植茶会导致土壤酸化,随着植茶年限的延长,土壤pH逐渐降低,交换性氢、交换性铝和交换性酸含量均升高,不同粒径团聚体对交换性酸的保持能力存在明显差异.      

四川西部黄土沉积与环境演变研究综述

四川西部(川西)地处青藏高原东部,黄土广泛分布于河谷和断陷盆地中.该地区黄土的主体属风成堆积,为附近及高原内部地区的冰川沉积、寒冻风化物、河湖沉积、风沙沉积和坡积物等多种沉积物中的细粒物质,在西风、高原冬季风和近地面风的搬运下堆积而成.局部有受坡面流水作用形成的次生黄土.最早的黄土堆积始于早更新世(1150ka),现主...     

滨海滩涂围垦区不同围垦年限土壤酶活性变化及其与理化性质关系

土壤酶几乎参与所有的土壤生物化学过程,厘清土壤酶活性与土壤理化性质的关系能够揭示围垦后土壤质量变化状况,为土壤生态系统的科学调控提供理论依据.选择江苏中部如东不同围垦年限(7、32、40、63 a)的滩涂围垦区为研究对象,以未围垦光滩作为对照(0 a),利用经典统计学分析和冗余分析研究不同围垦年限土壤酶活性变化过程,及其与土壤理化性质之间的关系.经典统计学分析表明不同围垦年限间土壤酶活性具有显著性差异,淀粉酶、脱氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性随着围垦年限的增长呈现出先上升后下降的过程,而脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性则随着围垦年限的增长呈现出先上升-下降-再上升的过程.同时,不同围垦年限的表层土壤酶活性基本上高于深层.冗余分析表明5种理化性质在前两轴累积能够解释土壤酶活性的69.8%,pH、电导率、土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷与土壤酶活性呈极显著相关关系(P0.01).土壤理化性质对土壤酶活性影响重要性大小排序为全氮有机碳pH全磷电导率.