A serendipitous, long-term infiltration experiment: Water and tritium circulation beneath the CAMBRIC trench at the Nevada Test Site

Underground nuclear weapons testing at the Nevada Test Site introduced numerous radionuclides that may be used subsequently to characterize subsurface hydrologic transport processes in arid climates. In 1965, a unique, 16-year pumping experiment designed to examine radionuclide migration away from the CAMBRIC nuclear test, conducted in the saturated zone beneath Frenchman Flat, Nevada, USA, gave rise to an unintended second experiment involving radionuclide infiltration through the vadose zone, as induced by seepage of pumping effluents beneath an unlined discharge trench. The combined experiments have been reanalyzed using a detailed, three-dimensional numerical model of transient, variably saturated flow and mass transport in a heterogeneous subsurface, tailored specifically for large-scale and efficient calculations. Simulations have been used to estimate tritium travel and residence times in various parts of the system for comparison with observations in wells. Model predictions of mass transport were able to clearly demonstrate radionuclide recycling behavior between the trench and pumping well previously suggested by isotopic age dating information; match travel time estimates for radionuclides moving between the trench, the water table, and monitoring and pumping wells; and provide more realistic ways in which to interpret the pumping well elution curves. Collectively, the results illustrate the utility of integrating detailed numerical modeling with diverse observational data in developing more accurate interpretations of contaminant migration processes.     

空气微生物不同高度分布情况研究

空气微生物是城市生态系统重要的生物组成部分,空气中广泛分布的细菌、真菌孢子、放线菌和病毒等生物粒子不仅具有极其重要的生态功能,还与城市空气污染,城市环境质量和人体健康密切相关。从生态系统角度出发,着重论述了城市微生物气溶胶的粒谱范围、空气微生物浓度和组成在不同高度变化的相关规律。     

不同形态镍盐对生物的毒性效应研究

镍通过提取、加工和使用被释放到环境中,当土壤中镍的含量超过一定值时,就会抑制植物的生长。镍通过有机物产生的络合作用可以提高土壤植物修复的能力。土壤中积滞过量的镍不仅会阻碍植物的生长和发育,同时也威胁到土壤无脊椎动物（如蚯蚓、线虫和跳虫等）和微生物的繁衍与增殖。土壤中重金属的不同形态对植物的毒性效应也有所不同,如Ni、Cu、Cd、Zn、Pb等重金属。以往重金属镍土壤污染研究中,人为添加的镍盐各不相同,有的研究使用氯化镍,有的研究使用硫酸镍或硝酸镍等,均假设毒性相当,其实,阴离子不同,镍盐的毒性也会有差异。     

Comparative studies on fouling of homogeneous anion exchange membranes by different structured organics in electrodialysis

Five negatively charged organic compounds with different structures, sodium methane sulfonate (MS), sodium benzene sulfonate (BS), sodium 6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonate (NSS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), were used to examine the fouling of an anion exchange membrane (AEM) in electrodialysis (ED), to explore the effect of molecular characteristics on the fouling behavior on the AEM and changes in the surface and electrochemical properties of the AEM. Results indicated that the fouling degree of the AEM by the different organics followed the order: SDBS?>?SDS?>?NSS?>?BS?>?MS. SDBS and SDS formed a dense fouling layer on the surface of the AEM, which was the main factor in the much more severe membrane fouling, and completely restricted the transmembrane ion migration. The other three organics caused fouling of the AEM by adsorption on the surface and /or accumulation in the interlayer of the AEM, and exhibited almost no influence on the transmembrane ion migration. It was also concluded that the organics with benzene rings caused more severe fouling of the AEM due to the stronger affinity interaction and steric effect between the organics and the AEM compared with organics with aliphatic chains.     

福建漳州花岗岩侵入体的Rb-Sr同位素年龄及其成因的初步探讨

漳州花岗岩体七次侵入的顺序为:辉长岩(Ⅰ)、闪长岩(Ⅱ)、花岗闪长岩(Ⅲ)、更长环斑花岗岩(Ⅳ)、花岗岩(Ⅴ)、晶洞花岗岩(Ⅵ)、花岗斑岩(Ⅷ)。Rb-Sr同位素等时线年龄:Ⅲ为124.37Ma,Ⅶ为97.13Ma。岩体侵入活动自始至终至少在2724万年以上。Ⅲ、Ⅳ均为幔壳混源产物,前者幔源混入量60.30％,后者为88.34％。岩浆侵入深度2.84—8.91km±,结晶温度610—800℃±,fo_2=10~(-11·3)—10~(-13·8)atm±,岩浆多样性主要原因之一是分离结晶作用,Ⅰ—Ⅳ在压性,Ⅴ—Ⅵ在张性构造环境侵入,总体处于活动大陆边缘。     

Maternal cell contamination in chorionic villus samples assessed by direct preparations and three different culture methods

Presumptive maternal cell contamination (MCC) was monitored in identified male cases during cytogenetic comparison of direct techniques and three different culture regimes from 140 thoroughly dissected chorionic villus samples. Of the 66 identified male cases, 11(16·7 per cent) showed MCC, the mean number of cells examined per case being 8·2 (direct) and 14·5 (cultures); in the direct preparations only one of a total of 457 cells examined was female, while preparations from cultures revealed MCC in 11 cases. Four of these had MCC in more than one culture regime and four had only a single female cell. The results showed that (1) dependence on the culture system alone would have given a diagnosis based on maternal cells in one (1·5 per cent) male case, thus underlining the danger of this approach (a similar undetected rate of misdiagnosis being expected in the female cases) and (2) MCC was significantly lower in cultures grown in Chang medium as compared with the other two regimes, McCoy's 5A + 15 per cent fetal calf serum and 1 per cent Ultroser G, and McCoy's 5A + 25 per cent fetal calf serum, the latter expressing the highest level of MCC.     

不同恢复年限退化土壤有机氮组分变化特征

为明确退化土壤在不同恢复年限下土壤有机氮组分变化规律,以福建长汀县退化红壤为研究对象,利用时空替代法,选取5个典型的不同植被恢复阶段样地,分别为裸地,恢复7、17、23、35 a的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)人工林,采用Bremner酸水解法研究土壤有机氮各组分的变化特征.结果表明,与裸地相比,恢复年限为...     

Numerical computation and characteristic analysis on the center shift of fire whirls in a ship engine room fire

The existence of fire whirls in some ship engine room is studied by using the basic elements of the fire whirls formation. The temperature characteristic of fire whirls are used to study the path shift of fire whirls and the result is nearly circular. The center shift angular velocity of fire whirls is analyzed with the least square fitting in the conditions of the constant wind velocity and the variable wind velocity from four sides. In the situation of the constant wind velocity, the result shows that the center shift angular velocity of fire whirls comply with the change regularity of a cube polynomial with different wind speed. When the wind velocity is more than 6.58 m/s, it strongly affects the change rate of the center shift angular velocity. However, in the situation of variable wind velocity, when the change rule of wind velocity follow increasing or descending regularity, the change law of the center shift angular velocity is proportional to the size of the wind velocity, but when the wind velocity is random variation, the change fluctuation of center shift angular velocity is comparatively small. Computational results have important significance for the structure fireproofing, fire evaluation and shipping design.     

火灾下匀质防火保护钢构件温度计算(II)：实际火灾环境计算

目前各国规范给出的计算火灾下有匀质防火保护的钢构件温度的公式都是基于标准火灾环境得到。标准火灾只包含升温段而实际火灾包括升温段和降温段。考察了将现有公式用于实际火灾环境计算的有效性。通过工况分析,考察了不同火灾、不同厚度、不同截面和不同防火涂料情形下的钢材温度。通过与有限元分析的结果比较,我国规范推荐的公式给出的钢材温度与有限元结果符合最好。研究同时表明欧洲规范中使用的避免升温早期负钢材温度增量的方法,即升温段当计算得到的钢材温度为负值时取增量为0,会引起最高钢材温度和降温段钢材温度的偏高,不适用于实际火灾环境计算。综合而言,我国规范最适用于实际火灾环境计算。     

火灾下匀质防火保护钢构件温度计算(I)：理论与公式

介绍了火灾下有匀质防火层保护的钢构件温度计算的一维传热模型。给出了求解该模型的相关边界条件和假定,并给出求解该一维传热模型在不同边界条件下的解。通过分析三种典型防火材料保护下、截面系数不同的三种截面的升温,比较了由我国规范CECS200、欧洲规范、欧钢协标准、美国规范及其他学者推荐的方法得到的结果,并对照有限元结果,考察了不同计算方法的有效性。结果表明,CECS200与国外规范给出的结果符合良好且略微偏高。通过计算典型截面在不同耐火极限要求下的最小保护层厚度,比较了各国规范的设计结果。结果显示,由不同规范推荐的公式计算得到的最小保护层厚度相差不大。CECS200计算的最小保护层厚度与国外规范一致,与欧洲规范得到的结果基本相同。研究表明,在标准火灾环境中我国规范给出的方法合理有效且形式简单便于工程运用。