空气净化器净化燃香源PM_(2.5)的性能与效果评价

"史上最严"的控烟条例《北京市控制吸烟条例》正式实施,现行空气净化器性能测试中以香烟烟雾作为颗粒物污染源的标准受到挑战;加之燃香源颗粒物净化手段少有讨论。故以室内燃香替代香烟作为PM2.5的污染源,在环境实验舱内通过对市售净化器性能指标CADR进行测试,证明燃香可产生持续且稳定的颗粒物,可以替代香烟作为颗粒物污染源。燃香全程净化效果试验表明:在一根燃香的过程中时,开启净化器可保持采样点全程优质的空气质量;使用两根燃香时,采样点高度差异可导致明显的浓度差异,建议使用中考虑净化器摆放高度。     

Configuration predictions of large liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) pool fires using CFD method

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) has potential pool fire risks due to its flammability. The configuration of pool fires plays a significant role when applying the solid flame model or point source model to assess the risks from heat radiation. However, no existing correlations can precisely predict the configuration of large LPG (100% propane) pool fires. To enhance the fundamental understanding on how pool diameter and wind velocity can influence the configuration of large LPG pool fires, an experimentally validated Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is employed to simulate fires using different burning rate models. Fire temperature profiles, flame heights, and flame tilts predicted by the CFD model were compared with empirical models and experimental data. Accordingly, new correlations for flame height and flame tilt as functions of pool diameter D and wind velocity u_w have been developed. The comparisons demonstrate that the new correlations have the best overall accuracy in the prediction of flame height and tilt for large LPG pool fires under different conditions (10 m ≤ D ≤ 20 m, 0 ≤ u_w ≤ 3 m·s⁻¹).     

秦皇岛地区干旱趋势分析及人工增雨条件

通过分析秦皇岛地区水资源及人均占有率、气候干旱化之现状及秦皇岛地区降水的特点,发现秦皇岛降水有明显日变化特征（凌晨1～2时和傍晚17～18时降水量较大）。从化学制剂的选择、碘化银成核环境确定、积云增雨的高度判断三个方面提出了人工增雨作业条件,在作业实践中取得了良好效果。     

The Importance of Mixing Height in Characterising Pollution Levels from Aerosol Optical Thickness Derived by Satellite

In the present study the horizontal distribution of columnar aerosol optical thicknessderived at high spatial resolution from Earth observation satellite data in the Lombardy area (Italy) was converted to the horizontal distribution of optically effective aerosols concentration at the ground level. This was achieved by incorporating information on atmosphere's mixing height, at which pollutants released at ground level are vertically dispersed by convection or mechanical turbulence. The resulted fields compared favourably to pollutant concentration measurements provided by the ground stations. These results show that it is possible to calculate mean concentration fields by using the spatial distribution of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) measured by satellite normalized by the atmospheric mixing height. The advantage of satellites in measuring AOT is that they can capture all actual emissions compared to the models, which are based on inventoried data.     

积分比值法计算室内火灾烟气层分界面高度值的研究

在室内火灾双区域模型中,对火灾烟气层分界面高度值的判定具有重要意义,对其计算方法进行了研究。鉴于烟熏痕迹法和N百分比法存在的主观性和经验性的局限,介绍了一种积分比值法,给出了计算公式并采用Fortran95实现了编程计算。通过FDS5.0模拟了一种火灾场景,根据模拟得到的不同高度处的温度均值,应用积分比值法计算出了烟气层高度值,并将其与模拟得到的烟气层高度值进行了比较,结果表明两者较为吻合,应用积分比值法计算烟气层高度是可行的、准确的。     

雾-霾天人体平均呼吸高度处不同粒径气溶胶的微生物特性

粒径分布和微生物种群结构是雾-霾天气溶胶与人体健康密切相关的典型特征.采用安德森六级采样器在人体平均呼吸高度（近地面1.5 m）处对北京某地雾-霾天及晴天分别进行气溶胶样品采集,从不同粒径气溶胶中的可培养细菌、真菌浓度及种群结构角度展开研究.结果表明,雾-霾天不同粒径气溶胶中可培养微生物浓度呈现不均匀分布状态;不同粒径气溶胶中微生物浓度、种群结构差异性均明显高于晴天.雾-霾天条件下,在粒径大于3.3 μm的气溶胶中,芽孢杆菌（Bacillus sp.）占据优势地位,在粒径小于3.3 μm的气溶胶中,芽孢杆菌（Bacillus sp.）和解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）占优势地位.而当雾-霾过后,解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）在所有粒径的生物气溶胶中均占优势地位.雾-霾天条件下,在粒径大于3.3 μm的气溶胶中共检出5种优势真菌,分别是链格孢菌（Alternaria sp.）、意大利青霉（Penicillium italicum）、蓝状菌（Talaromyces stollii）、枝孢菌（Cladosporium sp.）和Davidiella sp.;而当雾-霾过后,仅链格孢菌（Alternaria sp.）被检测为优势菌.无论雾-霾天还是晴天,在粒径小于3.3 μm的气溶胶中真菌均主要以意大利青霉（Penicillium italicum）和蓝状菌（Talaromyces stollii）为主.在人体平均呼吸高度处,雾-霾天与晴天不同粒径气溶胶中微生物浓度和种群结构存在明显差异.雾-霾天人体平均呼吸高度处微生物浓度高、且种群结构较为复杂,其微生物特性对人体健康的潜在风险不容忽视.     

SVD法在广西秋冬季旱涝分析中的应用

应用奇异值分解(SVD)方法,分析了500hPa高度场在广西秋季和冬季旱涝年的气候差异,分析结果表明:冬季前期500hPa高度场SVD分解的第一模态收敛速度比秋季快,但两个季度第一、第二奇异向量的累积方差都在60%以上,可见两个季度第一、第二奇异向量对应的SVD模态是最主要的SVD模态,代表了两要素场相互作用的主要特征。     

基于长时间序列的北京PM2.5浓度日变化及气象条件影响分析

基于2005~2014年北京宝联(城区)和上甸子大气成分本底站(郊区)监测结果得到了PM_(2.5)质量浓度日变化特征,并且讨论了气象条件的影响.结果表明,北京城区PM_(2.5)质量浓度10年平均值的日变化呈双峰分布,对应早晚出行高峰.但是,该特征在2007年以后才比较明显.月际(季节)变化表现为单峰与双峰之间、日最大值在早高峰与晚高峰之间的转换.一年中早峰值浓度在5~8月最高,与地面风速小、相对湿度以及水汽压(空气绝对含水量)较高有关,该季节晚高峰期间浓度变化相对较小主要受混合层较厚、地面风速大、降雨天气发生频繁的影响.11~12月和1~2月的16:00以后浓度明显升高,混合层顶高度在14:00~17:00大幅度下降是重要的影响因素.此外,严重和重度污染日09:00以后污染加重,与年平均值和中度污染日不同.边界层偏南风对来自周边地区高架源的污染物输送是其重要的影响机制.PM_(2.5)质量浓度日变化幅度随污染加重而增大.日最大风速和相对湿度日变化对浓度日变化幅度有影响,而且午后地面出现4~6 m·s-1的偏南风也会加大日变化幅度.北京郊区PM_(2.5)质量浓度多年平均值日变化呈单峰分布,日最大值超前于城区.而且,昼间的浓度在5~7月高于冬季.本研究结果将有助于细化不利扩散条件下的污染减排方案.     

O3-BAF深度处理制革废水中沿程污染物降解规律

针对浙江省某制革园区污水处理厂二级生化出水,开展了处理规模36 t.d-1的臭氧-曝气生物滤池中试研究,考察了不同填料曝气生物滤池沿程高度上污染物的降解规律.结果表明:活性炭曝气生物滤池在沿程1 500 mm处的平均出水COD和色度分别为55.4 mg·L-1和12.6倍,混合填料曝气生物滤池在沿程1 800 mm处的平均出水COD和色度分别为55.6 mg·L-1和9.4倍,出水达到《城镇污水厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)中的一级B排放要求.陶粒曝气生物滤池在整个沿程高度上COD和色度变化幅度较小.在沿程高度上活性炭曝气生物滤池和混合填料曝气生物滤池的COD和氨氮在1 200 mm内降幅较大,之后降幅趋缓.3个曝气生物滤池的生物量在沿程900 mm时达到最大,分别为30.69、28.87和15.94 nmol·g-1.     

Acoustic Observations of Bottom Surge From Dredged Material Discharge in the Open Ocean

Bottom surges generated from dredged material discharges in the open ocean have been observed using high frequency acoustic concentration profilers in several field studies during the past five years. the locations, water depths, bottom slopes, oceanographic conditions, and dredged material composition differed from study to study. Observed surges at three dredged material disposal sites may develop more than one surge peak for a single discharge. for water depths of the order of 10 m, surge height of the leading peak was estimated to be about one quarter of the water depth. for water of greater depth, of the order of 100 m, surge height reached 70 m, about 70% of the water depth. Surge height is established instantaneously when dredged material hits the bottom, and remains relatively constant as the surge advances horizontally. Total surge length reached 150 m for water depths of 10 m when measured from the impact point to the leading edge. for water depths of more than 100 m, the surge length reached more than 100 m. Length of the leading surge peak was as large as 45 m at this water depth.

Dimensional analysis was applied to relate the surge height of the leading surge peak to discharge parameters and oceanographic conditions. Results showed that the ratio of surge height to water depth was proportional to 1/10 power of the ratio of discharge volume to the third power of water depth.