湿地基质有效高度对农村生活污水净化影响的试验研究

研究从生态学理论出发．以控制湿地基质有效高度,促进植物根系发达为突破点,以增进生物协同净化效应为核心,得出当试验装置的煤渣基质深度不同时,深度为30cm和40cm的装置对污水的净化能力较优,同时侧须根也较为发达．其总根系生物量和根系比表面积分别达101．7g和612．6m^2/m^3。     

雾-霾天人体平均呼吸高度处不同粒径气溶胶的微生物特性

粒径分布和微生物种群结构是雾-霾天气溶胶与人体健康密切相关的典型特征.采用安德森六级采样器在人体平均呼吸高度（近地面1.5 m）处对北京某地雾-霾天及晴天分别进行气溶胶样品采集,从不同粒径气溶胶中的可培养细菌、真菌浓度及种群结构角度展开研究.结果表明,雾-霾天不同粒径气溶胶中可培养微生物浓度呈现不均匀分布状态;不同粒径气溶胶中微生物浓度、种群结构差异性均明显高于晴天.雾-霾天条件下,在粒径大于3.3 μm的气溶胶中,芽孢杆菌（Bacillus sp.）占据优势地位,在粒径小于3.3 μm的气溶胶中,芽孢杆菌（Bacillus sp.）和解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）占优势地位.而当雾-霾过后,解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）在所有粒径的生物气溶胶中均占优势地位.雾-霾天条件下,在粒径大于3.3 μm的气溶胶中共检出5种优势真菌,分别是链格孢菌（Alternaria sp.）、意大利青霉（Penicillium italicum）、蓝状菌（Talaromyces stollii）、枝孢菌（Cladosporium sp.）和Davidiella sp.;而当雾-霾过后,仅链格孢菌（Alternaria sp.）被检测为优势菌.无论雾-霾天还是晴天,在粒径小于3.3 μm的气溶胶中真菌均主要以意大利青霉（Penicillium italicum）和蓝状菌（Talaromyces stollii）为主.在人体平均呼吸高度处,雾-霾天与晴天不同粒径气溶胶中微生物浓度和种群结构存在明显差异.雾-霾天人体平均呼吸高度处微生物浓度高、且种群结构较为复杂,其微生物特性对人体健康的潜在风险不容忽视.     

用数值模拟方法研究挡风抑尘网高度对抑尘效率影响

采用数值模拟方法对某电厂露天煤场周围设置挡风抑尘网进行流场模拟,结合起尘量公式,计算了挡风抑尘网在不同高度下的抑尘效率。挡风墙高度分别12m、16m、20m、24m,当风速为4.3m/s时,挡风抑尘网效率分别为67.2%、81.4%、86.6%和88.3%;当风速为20 m/s时,抑尘网效率分别为55.1%、69.8%、74.6%和76.5%。     

O3-BAF深度处理制革废水中沿程污染物降解规律

针对浙江省某制革园区污水处理厂二级生化出水,开展了处理规模36 t.d-1的臭氧-曝气生物滤池中试研究,考察了不同填料曝气生物滤池沿程高度上污染物的降解规律.结果表明:活性炭曝气生物滤池在沿程1 500 mm处的平均出水COD和色度分别为55.4 mg·L-1和12.6倍,混合填料曝气生物滤池在沿程1 800 mm处的平均出水COD和色度分别为55.6 mg·L-1和9.4倍,出水达到《城镇污水厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)中的一级B排放要求.陶粒曝气生物滤池在整个沿程高度上COD和色度变化幅度较小.在沿程高度上活性炭曝气生物滤池和混合填料曝气生物滤池的COD和氨氮在1 200 mm内降幅较大,之后降幅趋缓.3个曝气生物滤池的生物量在沿程900 mm时达到最大,分别为30.69、28.87和15.94 nmol·g-1.     

海相结构性软黏土地基的沉降特性研究

通过室内试验获得了海相结构性软黏土的初始屈服面;考虑不同埋深处地基土的初始结构屈服面之间的相似性规律,应用结构性本构模型,结合工程实测数据,对海相软黏土地基土体屈服与地基沉降之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明,结构性本构模型能够较好地模拟海相结构性软黏土地基的沉降变形;结构性土地基的土体屈服是由浅及深逐步发展的,虽然存在低荷载时沉降小、高荷载时沉降大且呈非线性增大的现象,但这是渐变的过程,沉降量—时间—填土高度曲线上不能确定显著的转折点,通过观察沉降曲线的转折点来确定临界填土高度的方法将难以实现。     

SVD法在广西秋冬季旱涝分析中的应用

应用奇异值分解(SVD)方法,分析了500hPa高度场在广西秋季和冬季旱涝年的气候差异,分析结果表明:冬季前期500hPa高度场SVD分解的第一模态收敛速度比秋季快,但两个季度第一、第二奇异向量的累积方差都在60%以上,可见两个季度第一、第二奇异向量对应的SVD模态是最主要的SVD模态,代表了两要素场相互作用的主要特征。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

银川市冬季两次典型持续大气污染过程对比分析

为了探究边界层气象要素时空分布及其变化对银川市冬季持续污染天气过程污染物质量浓度变化的影响机制,利用2016年12月1日-2017年1月31日逐时空气质量以及地面和逐日定时探空气象观测数据,根据大气污染级别和过程持续时间,选取2016年12月9-21日（简称"1211过程"）和2016年12月29日-2017年1月9日（简称"1231过程"）为研究对象,采用统计和天气诊断相结合的方法,在分析比较银川市冬季两次典型持续污染过程演变特征及其与地面气象要素关系的基础上,探讨了大气环流、边界层要素变化对银川市冬季典型污染过程的可能影响机制.结果表明:①银川市冬季两次大气污染过程持续阶段,地面均以偏东或偏南风为主,风速较小,相对湿度较大,能见度较低;在污染清除阶段,地面风向转为西北或偏北风,风速较大,相对湿度较小,能见度较高.②当冬季欧亚大陆中纬度区域500 hPa高空盛行纬向气流,850 hPa高度上银川市受反气旋环流和暖温度脊控制,并且有弱暖平流从西南部向北输送时,银川市易出现静稳型持续污染天气.③冬季银川市持续大气污染过程中,ρ（PM_2.5）与风速呈负相关（R平均值为-0.326）,与相对湿度呈正相关（R平均值为0.688）,与能见度呈显著负相关（R平均值为-0.905）,与边界层高度呈较显著负相关（R平均值为-0.575）.④银川市冬季静稳型持续污染天气主要分为弱西北和平直西风气流型两种,弱西北气流型具有近地面层逆温弱,污染物积累慢,清除快的特征;平直西风气流型具有近地面层逆温强,污染物积累快,清除慢的特征.研究显示,冬季银川市上空500 hPa高度盛行纬向气流,地面主导风向为偏东或偏南风时,随着地面相对湿度增大、近地层风速减小、大气垂直上升运动减弱、边界层高度降低,大气中ρ（PM_2.5）将迅速升高,银川市易出现以PM_2.5为首要污染物的静稳型持续污染天气.      

Comparison of different valent iron on anaerobic sludge digestion: Focusing on oxidation reduction potential,dissolved organic nitrogen and microbial community

• ORP value from −278.71 to −379.80 mV showed indiscernible effects on methane yield. • Fe(II) and Fe(III) promoted more degradation of proteins and amino acids than Fe⁰. • The highest enrichment of Geobacter was noted in samples added with Fe⁰. • Cysteine was accumulated during iron enhanced anaerobic sludge digestion. • Both iron content and valence were important for methane production. This study compared effects of three different valent iron (Fe⁰, Fe(II) and Fe(III)) on enhanced anaerobic sludge digestion, focusing on the changes of oxidation reduction potential (ORP), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and microbial community. Under the same iron dose in range of 0−160 mg/L after an incubation period of 30 days (d), the maximum methane production rate of sludge samples dosed with respective Fe⁰, Fe(II) and Fe(III) at the same concentration showed indiscernible differences at each iron dose, regardless of the different iron valence. Moreover, their behavior in changes of ORP, DON and microbial community was different: (1) the addition of Fe⁰ made the ORP of sludge more negative, and the addition of Fe(II) and Fe(III) made the ORP of sludge less negative. However, whether being more or less negative, the changes of ORP may show unobservable effects on methane yield when it ranged from −278.71 to −379.80 mV; (2) the degradation of dissolved organic nitrogen, particularly proteins, was less efficient in sludge samples dosed with Fe⁰ compared with those dosed with Fe(II) and Fe(III) after an incubation period of 30 d. At the same dose of 160 mg/L iron, more cysteine was noted in sludge samples dosed with Fe(II) (30.74 mg/L) and Fe(III) (27.92 mg/L) compared with that dosed with Fe⁰ (21.75 mg/L); (3) Fe⁰ particularly promoted the enrichment of Geobacter, and it was 6 times higher than those in sludge samples dosed with Fe(II) and Fe(III) at the same dose of 160 mg/L iron.     

不同水质评价方法在漕桥河的应用与分析

选择单因子指数法、综合指数评价法及模糊综合评价法对漕桥河2008年—2011年的水质进行评价,并结合评价结果对3种评价方法进行分析比较。结果表明,采用模糊综合评价方法可以正确、全面地反映漕桥河的水质状况。