光电催化降解2,4-二氯苯酚的研究

采用Sol-Gel法制备了纳米TiO2／导电玻璃薄膜电极，应用XRD表征了TiO2薄膜的物相和粒度，以上述电极为工作电极和光催化剂，研究了2，4－二氯苯酚溶液的光催化和光电催化降解行为，结果表明，外加阳极偏压为0．7V，时间100min时，光电催化降解率为85％，高出光催化降解25％，2，4－DCP初始浓度（C0）与反应速率（r0)的关系符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood方程，当C0≤0．50mmol.L^-1时，光电催化降解速率可用一级动力学模式来描述。     

纳米TiO2薄膜在不同基质表面的负载及光催化性能

以釉面陶瓷和普通钠钙玻璃为载体,用溶胶凝胶法在其表面进行了纳米TiO2薄膜的负载.采用X射线衍射法(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)对薄膜进行了表征与分析.结果表明,TiO2为完全的锐钛矿型,平均粒径约为15nm;TiO2薄膜在2种载体上分布均匀,膜厚约为300nm;TiO2薄膜在釉面陶瓷表面呈连续分布,而在玻璃表面上出现了破裂现象;2种载体中的一些基质离子在TiO2薄膜均有渗透.光降解实验表明,2种载体上的TiO2薄膜对亚甲基蓝的降解均符合一级反应动力学.TiO2/釉面陶瓷催化活性大于TiO2/玻璃,该薄膜对实际生产多菌灵废水具有催化降解作用.2种载体上的TiO2薄膜重复使用20次,对亚甲基蓝的去除率降低约2%.     

Exploring diversity in soil fertility management of smallholder farms in western Kenya: I. Heterogeneity at region and farm scale

The processes of nutrient depletion and soil degradation that limit productivity of smallholder African farms are spatially heterogeneous. Causes of variability in soil fertility management at different scales of analysis are both biophysical and socio-economic. Such heterogeneity is categorised in this study, which quantifies its impact on nutrient flows and soil fertility status at region and farm scales, as a first step in identifying spatial and temporal niches for targeting of soil fertility management strategies and technologies. Transects for soil profile observation, participatory rural appraisal techniques and classical soil sampling and chemical analysis were sampled across 60 farms in three sub-locations (Emuhaia, Shinyalu, Aludeka), which together represent much of the variability found in the highlands of western Kenya. Five representative farm types were identified using socio-economic information and considering production activities, household objectives and the main constraints faced by farmers. Soil fertility management and nutrient resource flows were studied for each farm type and related to differences in soil fertility status at farm scale. Farm types 1 and 2 were the wealthiest; the former relied on off-farm income and farmed small pieces of land (0.6–1.1 ha) while the latter farmed relatively large land areas (1.6–3.8 ha) mainly with cash crops. The poorest farm type 5 also farmed small pieces of land (0.4–1.0 ha) but relied on low wages derived from working for wealthier farmers. Both farm types 1 and 5 relied on off-farm earnings and sold the least amounts of farm produce to the market, though the magnitude of their cash, labour and nutrient flows was contrasting. Farms of types 3 and 4 were intermediate in size and wealth, and represented different crop production strategies for self-consumption and the market. Average grain yields fluctuated around 1 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for all farm types and sub-locations. Grain production by farms of types 4 and 5 was much below annual family requirements, estimated at 170 kg person⁻¹ year⁻¹. Household wealth and production orientation affected the pattern of resource flow at farm scale. In the land-constrained farms of type 1, mineral fertilisers were often used more intensively (ca. 50 kg ha⁻¹), though with varying application rates (14–92 kg ha⁻¹). The use of animal manure in such small farms (e.g. 2.2 t year⁻¹) represented intensities of use of up to 8 t ha⁻¹, and a net accumulation of C and macronutrients brought into the farm by livestock. In farms of type 5, intensities of use of mineral and organic fertilisers ranged between 0–12 kg ha⁻¹ and 0–0.5 t ha⁻¹, respectively. A consistent trend of decreasing input use from farm types 1–5 was generally observed, but nutrient resources and land management practices (e.g. fallow) differed enormously between sub-locations. Inputs of nutrients were almost nil in Aludeka farms. Both inherent soil properties and management explained the variability found in soil fertility status. Texture explained the variation observed in soil C and related total N between sub-locations, whereas P availability varied mainly between farm types as affected by input use.     

薄壁管螺旋槽的旋压工艺研究

介绍了薄壁管螺旋槽旋压时的测力装置和各工艺参数对旋压力的影响,可为设计旋压机床、编制旋压工艺,设计工夹具提供理论依据。     

An Overview on the Mechanical Behaviour of Biodegradable Agricultural Films

The mechanical behavior of various types of biodegradable materials depends, mainly, on their chemical composition and the application conditions. Various additives are added into the bioblends to improve their properties, which sometimes even reach the levels of the conventional plastics. It is well known that the environmental conditions during production, storage, and usage of these materials influence their mechanical properties. Ageing during the useful lifetime also causes great losses in the elongation. In the present paper, the overall mechanical behavior of biodegradable films, which may be considered suitable for agricultural applications, but also of partially biodegradable films, is reviewed and analyzed. Selected critical mechanical properties of films before their exposure to biodegradation are investigated and compared against those of conventional agricultural films.     

Biodegradable Soy-Based Plastics: Opportunities and Challenges

Today's plastics are designed with little consideration for their ultimate disposability or the effect of the resources (feedstocks) used in making them. This has resulted in mounting worldwide concerns over the environmental consequences of such materials when they enter the mainstream after their intended uses. This led to the concept of designing and engineering new biodegradable materials–materials that have the performance characteristics of today's materials but that undergo biodegradation along with other organic waste to soil humic materials. Hence, the production of biodegradable materials from annually renewable agricultural feedstocks has attracted attention in recent years. Agricultural materials such as starches and proteins are biodegradable and environmentally friendly. Soybean is a good candidate for manufacturing a large number of chemicals, including biodegradable plastics, as it is abundantly available and cheap. Soy protein concentrate, isolate, or flakes could be compounded with synthetic biodegradable plastics such as polycaprolactone or poly (lactic acid) to make molded products or edible films or shopping bags and make the environment cleaner and greener.     

不同水深梯度对4种挺水植物生长繁殖的影响

选择了水葱（Scirpus validus）、菖蒲（Acorus calamus）、香蒲（Typha orientalis）、茭草（Zizania caduciflora）4种常见的挺水植物,研究了静水条件下不同水深梯度（0cm（对照）、30cm（浅水处理）、60cm（深水处理））对4种挺水植物生长和繁殖的影响.试验结...     

薄基岩巷采矸石充填围岩变形特征的数值模拟

巷采矸石充填开采是"三下"开采中控制覆岩移动变形和地表沉陷的有效方法之一。矸石充填开采既可以避免造成污染,又能够置换"三下"压煤、提高煤炭资源回收率,还可缓解部分副井提升压力,具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。为了确定厚表土层薄基岩下巷采矸石充填开采方案,采用数值模拟方法研究厚表土层薄基岩下充填开采地表沉陷特征及围岩变形机理。结果表明:在煤柱中布置宽5.0m,高5.8m的矸石充填巷,巷间煤柱宽10m的方案是可行的。通过数值模拟验证了在煤柱中掘进巷道并利用矸石回填以置换开采出部分条带煤柱技术的可行性,巷式充填采煤方式能有效控制上覆岩层移动,此种采煤方法为"三下"难采煤层提供了一种有效途径。     

受内压椭圆封闭薄壁截面杆的小变形动力学性质

讨论受内压椭圆封闭薄壁截面杆的小变形动力学性质。把内压产生的应力作为初应力,利用薄壁杆理论和初应力位形上附加变形的线性理论,研究相对初应力位形产生的附加变形控制方程,由此给出小变形动力学性质的定量分析方法和拉压、弯曲、扭转固有频率用内压表示的数值结果。     

Mechanical Performance and Design Criteria of Biodegradable Low-tunnel Films

The overall mechanical behaviour of a series of experimental Mater-Bi made thin low-tunnel films is analysed with respect to the effect of two major factors: the film processing optimisation during manufacturing and the design of the low-tunnels structural system. The analysis of the mechanical behaviour of the biodegradable low-tunnel films, based on the results of extensive full-scale and small-scale experiments, combined with laboratory testing of the mechanical properties of the film, proves that a rather good mechanical behaviour is possible for these films, comparable to the behaviour of conventional agricultural films in terms of strength, provided that two criteria are met: (a) the low tunnel structural design is based on the initial stress at yield value of the film, which represents the asymptotic value of the tensile strength of the film, following its evolution with the time of exposure to real field conditions; (b) the processing of the film is optimised for the particular biodegradable material and film thickness under consideration. It is also confirmed that the stabilisation schemes used with conventional polyethylene films are not suitable for the biodegradable films.