重庆西部山区典型湖泊水-气界面CO2交换通量及其影响因素

为了解我国西南山区湖泊水体CO_2的释放/吸收特征,于2017年7月对重庆西部山区典型9个湖泊表层水体溶解性无机碳进行调查,并同步监测关键环境因子,运用薄边界层法和静态箱法对其水-气界面CO_2通量[F(CO_2)]进行比较研究.结果表明,渝西山区湖泊夏季表层水p(CO_2)介于2.1~45.0 Pa之间,均值为(18.1±12.1) Pa;模型法和静态箱法计算的CO_2通量均值分别为(-8.0±2.9)、(-3.4±3.6)和(-7.1±22.3) mmol·(m2·d)-1,总体表现出大气CO_2汇的特征.水体p(CO_2)和F(CO_2)与关键环境因子的相关分析,表明表层水p(CO_2)和F(CO_2)与风速和ORP显著正相关,与pH显著负相关.     

碳黑改性TiO_2薄膜光催化剂的稳定性研究

固定化光催化剂的稳定性一直是限制光催化氧化技术实用化的关键因素之一。通过环管型连续流反应器对所研制的碳黑改性TiO2薄膜光催化剂在长期使用中的稳定性进行了研究,探讨了光源、有机物负荷、阴离子对光催化剂稳定性的影响,并对不同负荷下光催化剂表现出的稳定性进行了动力学描述。试验结果表明,该催化剂在254 nm光源和低负荷条件下具有很好的稳定性,在活性艳红X-3B水溶液的光催化降解试验中,4个月内活性保持不变,并且不受水中的SO42-、NO3-以及硬度、碱度的影响。     

湖泊疏浚对沉积物再悬浮及磷迁移影响的模拟研究

选择太湖梅梁湾污染沉积物为研究对象,选取夏季和冬季两个典型季节,进行室内模拟试验研究了湖泊疏浚对沉积物再悬浮及磷迁移的影响.结果表明,研究区模拟疏浚20 cm能够有效地抑制沉积物发生再悬浮,冬季疏浚比夏季疏浚抑制效果更好,在扰动过程中夏季未疏浚对照和疏浚水柱总悬浮物(TSS)最大含量分别为初始值的7.0和2.2倍;而冬季未疏浚对照和疏浚水柱分别为24.3和6.4倍.统计分析发现,夏、冬两季模拟试验未疏浚对照和疏浚水柱中总磷(TP)、磷酸盐(PO34--P)含量都与TSS含量变化呈现显著正相关(P<0.05),表明风浪扰动造成大量沉积物再悬浮,并伴随内源磷的释放是水柱中TP和磷酸盐的主要来源.夏季模拟试验疏浚对水柱中TP和磷酸盐负荷控制效果略差,冬季模拟试验疏浚水柱中TP和磷酸盐含量都显著(P<0.01)低于未疏浚对照.利用薄膜扩散梯度(DGT)技术研究了夏季疏浚沉积物-水界面上间隙水中溶解态活性磷(DRP)垂向分布,未疏浚水土界面中间隙水DRP扩散层厚度大于疏浚样,但疏浚样间隙水DRP在水土界面的离子浓度势能大于未疏浚对照样,表明底泥疏浚可以有效地降低疏浚区间隙水中DRP潜在的释放风险,但水动力作用下短期内可能会导致疏浚间隙水中DRP释放.对于太湖这样的大型浅水湖泊,确定最佳的疏浚时令、疏浚深度及疏浚范围至关重要.     

Determining cadmium bioavailability in sediment profiles using diffusive gradients in thin films

Cadmium(Cd) uptake by plants or benthic organisms largely depends on its bioavailability in sediments,so it is necessary to understand Cd bio availability for determining its ecological risks in riverine sediments.Pore water is easily disturbed during sample collection,indicating that there was a shortage of traditional methods for investigating Cd bio availability.Here,sediment cores were collected from rivers,after which sequential extraction and diffusive gradients in thin films(DGT) method were employed to determine Cd potential bio availability in the sediments and pore water.We found that Cd concentrations measured by DGT were lower than that in pore water profiles,and Cd distribution in various fractions changed remarkably.Pearson correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations between Cd concentrations measured by DGT and total Cd concentrations(r~2=0.76),exchangeable and weak acid soluble fraction(r~2=0.68),ferromanganese fraction(r~2=0.72) and bound organic matter or oxidizable fraction(r~2=0.54).However,the correlation was relatively low between Cd concentrations measured by DGT and that in pore water profiles(r~2=0.26).These results demonstrated that DGT method could provide more accurate information of Cd bio availability in sediment profiles than traditional methods.     

Mobility and sulfidization of heavy metals in sediments of a shallow eutrophic lake, Lake Taihu, China

The technique of DGT (diffusive gradients in thin films) using three diffusive gel thicknesses was applied to estimate the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments and porewater of Lake Taihu, China. The DGT results showed significantly positive correlations between Co, Pb, Cd and Mn, and Ni and Fe concentrations in porewater. Cu and Zn showed a significantly negative correlation with Mn, due to Cu combination with carbonates and Zn derived from agricultural pollution, respectively. The rank order of average concentrations of Co, Ni and Cd at each station was DGT_1.92 >DGT_0.78 >DGT_0.39, suggesting stronger resupply from sediments to porewater when using thicker diffusive gels. Comparing centrifugation and DGT measurements, Co, Ni and Cd are highly labile; Mn and Fe are moderately labile; and Cu, Zn and Pb are slightly labile. The variations of AVS concentrations in sediment cores indicate that metal sulfides in deeper layers are easily diffused into surface sediments.     

薄膜干燥法再生聚苯乙烯树脂的研究

利用溶剂溶解回收的聚苯乙烯塑料,将其涂布于不锈钢传送带上,以水蒸气为加热介质,经薄膜干燥法获得再生聚苯乙烯树脂.再生的聚苯乙烯树脂性能优异,溶剂回收率达97%以上.     

Cost‐Effectiveness of Using Small Vertebrates as Indicators of Disturbance

In species‐rich tropical forests, effective biodiversity management demands measures of progress, yet budgetary limitations typically constrain capacity of decision makers to assess response of biological communities to habitat change. One approach is to identify ecological‐disturbance indicator species (EDIS) whose monitoring is also monetarily cost‐effective. These species can be identified by determining individual species’ responses to disturbance across a gradient; however, such responses may be confounded by factors other than disturbance. For example, in mountain environments the effects of anthropogenic habitat alteration are commonly confounded by elevation. EDIS have been identified with the indicator value (IndVal) metric, but there are weaknesses in the application of this approach in complex montane systems. We surveyed birds, small mammals, bats, and leaf‐litter lizards in differentially disturbed cloud forest of the Ecuadorian Andes. We then incorporated elevation in generalized linear (mixed) models (GL(M)M) to screen for EDIS in the data set. Finally, we used rarefaction of species accumulation data to compare relative monetary costs of identifying and monitoring EDIS at equal sampling effort, based on species richness. Our GL(M)M generated greater numbers of EDIS but fewer characteristic species relative to IndVal. In absolute terms birds were the most cost‐effective of the 4 taxa surveyed. We found one low‐cost bird EDIS. In terms of the number of indicators generated as a proportion of species richness, EDIS of small mammals were the most cost‐effective. Our approach has the potential to be a useful tool for facilitating more sustainable management of Andean forest systems. Rentabilidad del Uso de Pequeños Vertebrados como Indicadores de Perturbaciones     

漂珠为载体TiO_2/SiO_2膜的制备及性能研究

以漂珠为载体,探索采用液相沉积法制备TiO2/SiO2膜最佳条件。在自制的光催化反应器中,在相同的条件下,以酸性嫩黄和难处理的焦化废水为目标降解物,做了TiO2/SiO2和TiO2两种膜的光催化氧化对比试验。结果表明,与单一TiO2膜比较,以漂珠为载体,采用液相沉积法制备的TiO2/SiO2改性膜具有较高的光催化氧化性能。     

Photocatalytic degradation of organochlorine compounds using TiO2 supported on fiberglass cloth

The feasibility of photocatalytic degradation of organochlorine compounds using TiO₂ supported on fiberglass cloth as a photocatalyst was studied. The results showed that 2.0×10^-4 mol/dm³ of dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene can be completely photocatalytically degraded within a short time under illumination with a 375W medium pressure mercury lamp. The effects of parameters such as illumination time, initial concentration of organochlorine compounds, amount of air flow and concentration of H₂O₂ on the photocatalytic degradation were investigated. The TiO₂ supported on the fiberglass was not easily detached and after 500h illumination there was no significant loss of photocatalytic activity of TiO₂. The passible mechanisms of photocatalytic degradation were discussed.     

Photocatalytic degradation of organochlorine compounds using TiO2 supported on fiberglass cloth

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