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51.
利用薄膜梯度扩散(DGT)原位采样装置获取了骆马湖全湖8个典型湖区泥-水界面(SWI)活性磷(P)、铁(Fe)、硫(S)垂向分布信息,据此定量估算三者交换通量.结果表明,骆马湖沉积物剖面P、Fe、S浓度范围分别为0~2.05,0~11.10和0.01~0.63mg/L,并在微小尺度呈高度空间异质性.在水平方向上活性P、Fe主要表现为西北湖区高于东南湖区,而活性S则未表现出明显的分布规律;就垂直剖面而言,活性P、Fe、S自界面向下呈升高趋势,并在60mm深度内出现峰值,且活性P和Fe剖面呈明显的同步变化特征;活性P、Fe在多数点位具有显著的正相关性(r>0.65,P<0.01),且各采样点沉积物中的总铁与总磷比值[w(∑Fe)/w(∑P)]均高于15,这表明Fe的地球化学循环过程对于骆马湖内源磷释放起重要控制作用;8个采样点样品中活性P、Fe、S交换通量分别为0.066~0.698,1.671~5.592和0.007~0.071mg/(m2·d),表明P、Fe、S由沉积物向水体释放.西北湖区表现出较高的P通量和活性P浓度,这可能会增加南水北调过程中水质污染的风险,应予以重视.以上结果支持了P、Fe耦合释放机制,明确了骆马湖SWI的活性P、Fe、S迁移特征. 相似文献
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W. M. Snyder 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1980,16(1):22-30
ABSTRACT: Sliding polynomials differ from other piecewise interpolation and smoothing methods in their functional continuity at the nodes. This functional continuity was used to establish optional spacing of nodes and optional boundary controls in data smoothing while still maintaining mathematically continuous rates or gradients. Cyclic as well as noncyclic data can be smoothed. Variance of the individual nodal values. derived through least-squares optimization, can be calculated using the rigorously determined weighting coefficients between data points and nodes. Such nodal variances are estimates of localized uncertainty in the data which complement the localization of smoothing through use of piecewise functions. Choice of controls in smoothing and calculation of variance have been incorporated in a computer program for user convenience. 相似文献
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Joseph Sherma 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(7):557-568
Techniques and applications of thin layer chromatography (planar chromatography) for the separation, detection, qualitative and quantitative determination, and preparative isolation of pesticides and their metabolites and other related compounds are reviewed for the period from November 1, 2008 to November 1, 2010. Analyses are described for a variety of samples types and pesticide classes. In addition to references on residue analysis, studies such as pesticide structure-retention relationships, identification and characterization of plant pesticides and synthesized pesticides, metabolism, degradation, mobility, identification of biomarkers for detection of herbicide effects in plants, and lipophilicity are covered. 相似文献
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Rosa W. Wu Tom Harner Miriam L. Diamond 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2008,42(24):6131-6143
Surface films on impervious surfaces mediate the fate of organic contaminants in urban areas. Using sheltered 3-mm diameter glass beads as a surrogate impervious urban surface, studies in downtown Toronto showed that surface films developed at a consistent rate of 1.6–2.6 nm day−1. Linear film growth was observed up to and including the last day of three studies of 89-, 273-, and 84-day duration. Total PCB content (sum of 15 PCB congeners) also increased linearly, at a similar rate as the surface film. A complementary study using unsheltered beads showed that up to 80% of film mass and PCB content were removed by film wash-off during rain events. The film growth rate on beads exposed at a rural site, 200 km northeast of Toronto, was 12–20 times lower with PCB burdens that were 7–22 times lower compared to Toronto. Based on these findings, it is estimated that approximately 56–226 g of PCBs are captured by a 70 nm thick film covering just the horizontal surface area of Toronto. This is a substantial quantity of PCB that is available for rapid surface–air exchange and wash-off. 相似文献
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The perceptual range of an animal towards different landscape elements affects its movements through heterogeneous landscapes. However, empirical knowledge and modeling tools are lacking to assess the consequences of variation in the perceptual range for movement patterns and connectivity. In this study we tested how changes in the assumed perception of different landscape elements affect the outcomes of a connectivity model. We used an existing individual-based, spatially explicit model for the dispersal of Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx). We systematically altered the perceptual range in which animals recognize forest fragments, water bodies or cities, as well as the probability that they respond to these landscape elements. Overall, increasing the perceptual range of the animals enhanced connectivity substantially, both qualitatively and quantitatively. An enhanced range of attraction to forests had the strongest impact, doubling immigration success; an enhanced range of attraction to rivers had a slightly lower impact; and an enhanced range of avoidance of cities had the lowest impact. Correcting the enhancement in connectivity by the abundance of each of the landscape elements in question reversed the results, indicating the potential sensitivity of connectivity models to rare landscape elements (in our case barriers such as cities). Qualitatively, the enhanced perception resulted in strong changes in movement patterns and connectivity. Furthermore, model results were highly parameter-specific and patch-specific. These results emphasize the need for further empirical research on the perceptual capabilities of different animals in different landscapes and conditions. They further indicate the usefulness of spatially explicit individual-based simulation models for recognizing consistent patterns that emerge, despite uncertainty regarding animals’ movement behavior. Altogether, this study demonstrates the need to extend the concept of ‘perceptual ranges’ beyond patch detection processes, to encompass the wide range of elements that can direct animal movements during dispersal through heterogeneous landscapes. 相似文献
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