不同光敏剂对LDPE薄膜光降解影响比较

合成硬脂酸铁（FeSt3）、硬脂酸铈（CeSt4）和硬脂酸锰（MnSt2）,用母粒法制备了可光降解LDPE薄膜。采用傅立叶红外变换光谱仪、万能材料试验机和乌氏粘度计测定羰基指数、断裂伸长率、拉伸强度和分子量,研究了这3种光敏剂及其用量对LDPE降解程度的影响。结果表明,3种光敏剂的光敏活性FeSt3〉CeSt4〉MnSt2;LDPE的光降解程度并非随着光敏剂含量的增加而增大,在控制用量的情况下。MnSt2更适合用作稳定剂;光降解使链结构发生了变化。分子量降低。     

A Regional Perspective on the Diversity and Conservation of Tropical Andean Fishes

Abstract: The tropical Andes harbor an extraordinarily varied concentration of species in a landscape under increasing pressure from human activities. Conservation of the region's native plants and animals has received considerable international attention, but the focus has been on terrestrial biota. The conservation of freshwater fauna, particularly the conservation of fishes, has not been emphasized. Tropical Andean fishes are among the most understudied vertebrates in the world. We estimate that between 400 and 600 fish species inhabit the diverse aquatic environments in the region. Nearly 40% of these species are endemic. Tropical Andean fishes are vulnerable to ongoing environmental changes related to deforestation, water withdrawals, water pollution, species introductions, and hydropower development. Additionally, their distributions and population dynamics may be affected by hydrologic alterations and warmer water temperatures associated with projected climate change. Presently, at least three species are considered extinct, some populations are endangered, and some species are likely to decline or disappear. The long‐term persistence of tropical Andean fishes will depend on greater consideration of freshwater systems in regional conservation initiatives.     

TiO_2薄膜光催化降解邻苯二甲酸乙酯的研究

采用solgel法制备TiO2薄膜。以该薄膜为催化剂,研究了在H2O2存在的条件下,对内分泌干扰物质邻苯二甲酸乙酯(DEP)的光催化降解反应。分别讨论了pH值、H2O2的加入量、DEP的初始浓度以及光照时间对降解反应的影响。结果表明在pH=2、50mg/L的H2O2中对初始浓度为50mg/L的DEP溶液光照150min有较好的降解效果。     

不同地质背景水库区夏季水-气界面温室气体交换通量研究

岩溶水库水化学特征受碳酸盐岩溶蚀风化产物所控制,形成"富钙偏碱高溶解无机碳"的特殊环境,其水-气界面温室气体交换特征、过程及影响因素与其他非岩溶水库存在较大差异.为揭示不同地质背景控制下典型水库水-气界面温室气体交换的特征及控制机制,选取广西三座不同地质背景的水库[大龙洞水库(岩溶水库)、五里峡水库(半岩溶水库)、思安江水库(非岩溶水库)],同时运用静态箱法(FC)和模型计算法(TBL)对其水-气界面温室气体(CO2、CH4)交换通量进行比较研究.结果表明:1两种方法获得的结果均显示,大龙洞水库库区和出库水体均为大气CO2、CH4的源;五里峡水库库区总体上为大气CO2的汇、大气CH4的源,其出库水体均为大气CO2、CH4的源;思安江水库库区均为大气CO2的汇、大气CH4的源.2无论是岩溶水库还是非岩溶水库,其出库水体温室气体排放量远大于库区,如何控制水库出库水体的CO2、CH4释放问题值得关注.3在没有大量淹没土壤有机质和植物的情况下,由岩溶地下水补给的水库水-气界面CH4交换通量与其他半岩溶水库和非岩溶水库差别较小,但由于富含DIC水体的输入及受水库热分层的影响,其CO2交换通量要明显高于其他非岩溶水补给的水库.     

阿哈水库沉积物-水界面磷、铁、硫高分辨率空间分布特征

选取贵州典型高原亚深水型湖库阿哈水库为研究对象,利用薄膜扩散梯度技术获取夏季分层期不同湖区沉积物-水界面磷、铁、硫的原位、二维高分辨分布信息,并结合水化学及沉积物磷形态分析,探讨了沉积物P-Fe-S分布规律及控制因素.结果表明:沉积物-水界面DGT-P的浓度变化范围0.00~0.43 mg·L~(-1),DGT-Fe的浓度变化范围0.00~2.83 mg·L~(-1),DGT-S的浓度变化范围0.00~0.10 mg·L~(-1).阿哈水库沉积物孔隙水磷、铁、硫浓度在垂向分布上没有显著的相关性,DGT-P、DGT-Fe甚至还呈反向变化,这与很多湖泊的研究结果存在明显差异,其原因可能是阿哈水库沉积物具有很高的Fe/P和Fe/S比值,过剩的Fe导致还原态S以FeS/FeS_2形式沉淀后,P仍然被Fe(Ⅲ)固定在沉积物中.阿哈水库沉积物磷形态以Na OH-SRP和BD-P为主,Na OH-SRP含量变化范围为192~604 mg·kg~(-1),平均值约为392 mg·kg~(-1),BD-P含量变化范围为143~524mg·kg~(-1),平均值约为225 mg·kg~(-1).阿哈水库底层水体长期处于厌氧环境,Fe、S地球化学循环对沉积物内源磷释放起着重要控制作用.     

基于DGT技术的黄河上游典型水库沉积物氮磷释放与污染源解析

针对黄河上游河库连通背景下水库的污染源解析不足的问题,基于薄膜梯度扩散和高分辨率孔隙水采样,分析了黄河上游典型水库——沈家河水库的污染特征和扩散通量.结果表明,清水河入库口水质为劣Ⅴ类,沉积物为重度污染状态.各点位上覆水可溶性磷酸盐（SRP）平均值低于孔隙水,表明沉积物SRP因浓度梯度向上扩散.各点位DGT-P与DGT-Fe的相关性及沉积物-水界面浓度差存在空间异质性,1号的沉积物DGT-P释放受Fe-P还原释放主导,2号的表层沉积物DGT-P释放能力较差,3号的表层沉积物DGT-P的释放能力较强,可根据释放机制采取不同治理措施.沉积物-水界面附近1号（4～8 mm）、 2号（8～20 mm）和3号（-8～8 mm）发生NH⁺₄-N浓度减小和NO^-₃-N浓度增加的现象.沉积物释放导致的TP、 TN和NH⁺₄-N负荷增加量分别占总量的100%、 78.3%和56.5%,表明沉积物释放是负荷的主要来源,但是清水河输入对氮的影响不可忽略.结果为黄河上游水库污染源...     

RGO改性介孔TiO2薄膜光催化同步去除Ni2+和SDBS

以钛酸四丁酯（TBT）、天然鳞片石墨为原料,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）为介孔模板剂,通过浸渍-提拉法辅助热处理和紫外辐照还原制备介孔RGO-TiO₂薄膜,利用XRD、SEM、BET、UV-Vis DRS、FT-IR等对其结构、形貌及性能进行表征.以Ni²⁺和十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）为目标污染物,考察了介孔RGO-TiO₂薄膜光催化去除Ni²⁺和SDBS的反应性能,探讨了GO加入量及pH值对其催化性能的影响.在最佳条件下,进一步研究Ni²⁺/SDBS共存体系中Ni²⁺的光催化还原和SDBS的光催化氧化.结果表明：GO的加入量为1.0wt%时,介孔RGO-TiO₂薄膜对单一体系Ni²⁺和SDBS的光催化效率最高,在此条件下,pH=7.5时Ni²⁺还原效率最高,pH=6时SDBS降解效率最高.综合以上实验条件,设定GO加入量为1.0wt%,pH≈6时,Ni²⁺/SDBS共存体系中Ni²⁺和SDBS去除效率均优于Ni²⁺和SDBS单一体系,此时,Ni²⁺还原率为87.9%,SDBS氧化率为95.5%.分析协同光催化机制,TiO₂-SDBS表面复合物在紫外光激发下,SDBS被氧化同时,光生电子及SDBS氧化产物CO₂·^-自由基同步还原Ni²⁺.     

Characterisation of cobalt‐binding proteins in occupational cobalt exposuret†

In animal experimentations cobalt is found to be carcinogenic under conditions which are comparable with a possible exposure of human beings at the workplace.^1,2 Little is known about binding and distribution of incorporated cobalt in blood.

Blood, serum and plasma of workers occupationally exposed to cobalt were analyzed concerning cobalt‐binding. The samples were focused by preparative IEF in layers of granulated gels. The cobalt concentrations in the isolated fractions were measured with the aid of flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. The whole blood samples exhibit peaks with different sizes in the pH‐5‐ and ‐7‐range. The proportion of these peaks can change with individual samples. In serum and plasma cobalt is found only in the pH‐5‐range.

When separated by gelelectrophoresis under denaturating conditions the cobalt‐fractions in all blood, serum and plasma samples shows a similar protein pattern. Several proteins with different molecular weights are detected in the pH‐5‐fractions, whereas only hemoglobin is found in the pH‐7‐fractions. In agreement with these results is the refocusing in ultrathin‐layer of polyacrylamide. Heterogeneous protein patterns are demonstrated with the pH‐5‐fractions; the pH‐7‐fractions yield only the hemoglobin pattern.

In vivo cobalt is bound to plasma proteins‐perhaps‐albumin^3,4‐and hemoglobin. Till now the chemical structure of the binding is unknown.     

Connectivity Planning to Address Climate Change

As the climate changes, human land use may impede species from tracking areas with suitable climates. Maintaining connectivity between areas of different temperatures could allow organisms to move along temperature gradients and allow species to continue to occupy the same temperature space as the climate warms. We used a coarse‐filter approach to identify broad corridors for movement between areas where human influence is low while simultaneously routing the corridors along present‐day spatial gradients of temperature. We modified a cost–distance algorithm to model these corridors and tested the model with data on current land‐use and climate patterns in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The resulting maps identified a network of patches and corridors across which species may move as climates change. The corridors are likely to be robust to uncertainty in the magnitude and direction of future climate change because they are derived from gradients and land‐use patterns. The assumptions we applied in our model simplified the stability of temperature gradients and species responses to climate change and land use, but the model is flexible enough to be tailored to specific regions by incorporating other climate variables or movement costs. When used at appropriate resolutions, our approach may be of value to local, regional, and continental conservation initiatives seeking to promote species movements in a changing climate. Planificación de Conectividad para Atender el Cambio Climático     

碳黑改性TiO2薄膜光催化剂的结构性质

通过碳黑掺杂制备了改性的TiO₂薄膜光催化剂(CB-TiO₂),并采用液氮吸附、X射线衍射(XRD)和紫外-可见光漫反射光谱(DRS)对催化剂的比表面积、物相、晶粒度和最大激发波长等结构性质进行了表征.结果表明,CB-TiO₂的吸附性能大大改善,不同热处理温度下,BET比表面积增加50%～80%;同时碳黑掺杂能够减小催化剂的晶粒尺度,使相变温度降低.相应的光催化降解试验也表明,碳黑改性TiO₂的活性大大提高,其一级反应速率常数为普通TiO₂的1.5倍.