Tolerance of calluna vulgaris and peatland plant communities to sulphuric acid deposition

Critical loads offer a unique way of evaluating impacts of acid deposition by quantifying environmental sensitivity. The critical loads of acidity for UK peat soils have been based upon an arbitrary reduction in pH of 0.2 units. This chemical shift needs to be better related to adverse effects on sensitive biological receptors. It is known that effective precipitation pH equates closely to soil solution pH, and the latter is directly linkable to biotic effects of pH change. On continuation of a long-term experiment assessing impacts of simulated acid rain on peat microcosms in a realistic outdoor environment, Calluna vulgaris continued to flourish at acid deposition loads well above the existing critical load. Calluna plants were harvested and analysed, and acid deposition treatments to the microcosms continued to allow natural vegetation to regenerate. A diverse mixture of moorland plants and bryophytes established at acidity treatments well above the existing critical load, and only a very high acid load resulted in no natural regeneration. A critical effective rain pH value of 3.6 is suggested as a basis for setting critical loads. At this pH, Calluna grows well, and a healthy diverse vegetation community re-establishes when harvested. It is suggested that the peat critical load should be set at the acid load that, at any specific site, would result in a mean effective precipitation pH of 3.6.     

酸雨和SO2对蔬菜生长和产量的影响

应用开顶式熏气装置,以油菜和白菜为材料,分别将其暴露于模拟酸雨(pH2.8—5.6)和模拟酸雨与0.1ppmSO_2环境中,测定单独污染与复合污染对蔬菜生长反应和产量的影响。结果表明,酸雨(pH2.8)和酸雨(pH4.6)与0.1ppmSO_2复合处理均对LAR有明显抑制,LAR最多可减少37.5%。模拟酸雨(pH2.8,3.6)使蔬菜减产1.4—8.7%,而模拟酸雨与SO_2复合污染可使蔬菜产量减少7.9—28.9%(P<0.05)。     

基于实时控制技术的CANON工艺稳定性运行

为保证出水水质稳定并提高氨氮去除率,实现CANON工艺的优化,利用SBR反应器进行了基于实时控制技术的CANON工艺稳定性研究.试验过程中,温度控制在30℃±1℃,pH 7~8,通过反应过程中氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮和pH、DO、ORP的变化规律,制定了可行的实时控制策略.结果表明,进水氨氮浓度为917~1 540 mg·L~(-1)时,以6 mg·L~(-1)的剩余氨氮浓度作为控制参数可以满足工艺稳定性的要求,但氨氮传感器存在费用昂贵和误差较大等问题.采用pH、DO和ORP曲线的平台和特征点作为自控参数,可以维持CANON工艺的长期稳定运行,保证氨氮去除率平均维持在99%以上且出水水质稳定.     

南昌市一次降水自动监测结果的综合分析

利用降水自动监测仪和空气自动监测系统的同步监测结果,分析了一次34 5mm连续降水中全过程的pH、EC和同期SO2、PM10、NO2的变化情况。降水中pH值为7 23～4 08、EC为488 8～7 6μS cm,pH、EC在降水初期变化较大。pH与EC、SO2呈现负相关趋势,降水过程中PM10、NO2基本保持较低水平,SO2变化较大。     

High acidity tolerance in lichens with fumarprotocetraric, perlatolic or thamnolic acids is correlated with low pKa1 values of these lichen substances

The depsidone fumarprotocetraric acid as well as the depsides perlatolic and thamnolic acids are lichen secondary metabolites. Their first dissociation constants (pK_a1) in methanol were determined to be 2.7 for perlatolic acid and 2.8 for fumarprotocetraric and thamnolic acids by UV spectroscopy. Lower pK_a1 values are, so far, not known from lichen substances. Several lichens producing at least one of these compounds are known for their outstanding tolerance to acidic air pollution. This is demonstrated by evaluating published pH preferences for central European lichens. The low pK_a1 values suggest that strong dissociation of the studied lichen substances is a prerequisite for the occurrence of lichens with these compounds on very acidic substrata, as protonated lichen substances of different chemical groups, but not their conjugated bases, are known to shuttle protons into the cytoplasm and thereby apparently damage lichens.     

H2O2 formation from photocatalytic processes at the ZnO/water interface

The paper focuses on the production of H2O2 by photocatalysis over ZnO in an aerated aqueous phase. The presence of different reductants that increase the H2O2 production in the aqueous phase is analysed; particular attention is paid to nitrite, which has been shown to be the reductant that produces the most significant increments in the H2O2 production. The photocatalytic anodic decomposition of ZnO in the presence of the different reductants is also investigated. From the results obtained, the relevance of the ZnO photocatalysis in the formation of environmental hydrogen peroxide is estimated.     

厌氧发酵过程pH对微生物多样性和产物分布的影响

采用PCR-DGGE技术,研究了不同pH条件下蔬菜类有机垃圾厌氧发酵过程中的微生物多样性,探讨了微生物群落结构与发酵产物分布的关系.Shannon指数分析表明,pH=7和pH=8时的微生物多样性较高,随时间变化规律相似,而pH=5时的微生物多样性较低.UPGMA聚类分析和PCA分析结果也表明,pH=7和pH=8时的微生物群落结构相似,pH=5与之显著不同.在不同pH条件下的优势菌属都是乳酸细菌和梭菌。微生物多样性的变化与发酵产物分布具有一定相关性,pH通过影响微生物群落结构的变化最终影响发酵产物的分布.图4表2参27     

生物法处理棉浆黑液的现场实验研究

利用经驯化的以嗜碱菌群为主的好氧活性污泥及常规厌氧、好氧污泥,针对不同浓度的棉浆黑液在现场进行了单独\"好氧\"及\"好氧-厌氧-好氧\"全流程工艺实验。结果表明:对棉浆黑液直接进行好氧曝气,可将原水pH值自12.4左右稳定降低至10以下,COD去除率可达40%左右。全流程实验中厌氧效果显著,pH值最低可降至8.2,整个系统抗冲击能力强,运行稳定,COD总去除率保持在63%以上。     

酸化冲击对低pH厌氧发酵系统性能的影响

为了研究酸化冲击对厌氧发酵有机废水能源回收系统的影响,利用自制的厌氧内循环反应器（anaerobic internal circulation reactor,AICR）,以模拟糖蜜废水为底物,逐步提高进水容积负荷以模拟高容积负荷下出现的酸化冲击。研究了反应器酸化前后运行参数,并利用高通量测序检测了酸化后系统微生物群落结构。结果表明：酸化会导致颗粒污泥解体,产气速率和COD去除率下降,产甲烷活性严重抑制,同时发酵类型也发生转变。反应器酸化以后,发酵类型从丁酸型发酵类型转变为混合酸发酵类型,在进水负荷不变的情况下,总产气速率下降约50%,从2 100 mmol·（L·d）-1下降至1 056 mmol·（L·d）-1。酸化后的系统中,非产氢发酵细菌为优势细菌（54.7%）,而产氢细菌所占比例较少（37.3%）,未检测到产甲烷细菌。