双龙风景区国内游客市场结构分析

在国内游客随机抽样调查的基础上,分析了双龙风景区国内游客市场结构.得出双龙风景区国内游客的客源地构成,目标市场和市场开拓的方向;国内游客的社会经济特征和市场发展趋势;国内游客在风景区的旅游目的、喜好、逗留时间和消费水平;游客对风景区的旅游体验、评价以及目前风景区存在的主要问题.     

琅琊山国家森林公园生物资源的保护与开发

本文分析了琅琊山国家森林公园生物资源的生存环境和现状．提出了相应的保护与开发利用对策。     

Visitor impact on backcountry campsites in the Great Smoky Mountains

Over the last decade the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) has experienced a tremendous increase in visitation, especially in backcountry camping. In 1976 there were an estimated 117,500 backcountry visitor nights, with a peak of 16,865 visitor nights in April. The high use season extends from March to October. Visitation tends to be concentrated in certain sections of the park and at specific sites. The Appalachian Trail, which includes about 8 percent of the maintained trail mileage, carried 32 percent of the visitor nights in 1976.Campsite disturbance is also concentrated in specific sites and sections of the park. Maximum camping disturbance per km of maintained trail was 3,400 m² for the sites on the Appalachian Trail. Shelter sites have more visitation per site and more total disturbance per site than open campsites, but shelters tend to have less intensive disturbance, such as bare soil, because they concentrate trampling impacts. Visitation levels were strongly correlated with disturbances such as bare soil at open campsites. Visitation was significantly correlated to the number of firepits at shelter sites but not to other types of disturbance. Regressions indicate that for each additional visitor night at a site (annual average), one can expect an additional 9 m² of total disturbance and 1 m²of bare soil. The distance of a site from the nearest road was not significantly correlated with damage or visitation. Elevation was correlated to visitation levels, especially in the case of the shelters. More legal sites and large illegal sites are in mesic forest types. Illegal camping accounted for 10 percent of the total camping disturbance.The data imply that the suggested removal of shelters will require redistribution of visitor use or replacement developments, such as tent platforms, in order to mitigate damage. Zone camping is a possible alternative but presents difficulties because campers may concentrate in certain plant communities and topographic positions.     

Wild pig populations in the National Parks

Populations of introduced European wild boar, feral pigs, and combinations of both types (all Susscrola L.) inhabit thirteen areas in the National Park Service system. All parks have relatively stable populations, with the exception of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which reported a rapidly expanding wild boar population. Suspected and documented impacts were apparently related to pig densities and sensitivity of the ecosystem; the three largest units with dense wild pig populations reported the most damage. Overall, wild pigs are a relatively minor problem for the Park Service; however, problems are severe in at least three parks, and there is potential for invasion of wild boars into several additional parks in the Appalachian Mountains. More specific information is needed on numbers of wild pigs and their impacts in the various parks.     

Predicting the multiple pathways of plant succession

Classical concepts view succession as a deterministic, mechanistic regeneration of the disturbed community, and thus have limited applicability to fire-prone ecosystems, A recently developed multiple pathway succession model appears to have more realism and applicability in frequently disturbed ecosystems. It includes a set of species-specific attributes that are vital to reproduction and survival, and permits variable succession pathways depending on the stand's age (and thus species composition) when disturbed. Examples from Australia and the northern Rocky Mountains (USA) are presented, as are approaches to refining and improving the model.     

深沪湾地质公园地质遗迹景观特征及开发思路

深沪湾地质公园旅游地学资源十分丰富,拥有国家海洋自然保护区--深沪湾海底古森林和古牡蛎礁等地质遗迹.通过对深沪湾地质景观的特征描述,提出了以可持续发展思想为指导,以维护最佳生态环境为目标的地质公园规划原则及开发思路.     

Natural fire management in National Parks

An evolving understanding of ecological processes, together with ambiguities in National Park Service policy, have led to multiple interpretations of the role of management in our large natural area National Parks. National Park Service management policies must be dynamic and responsive to changes in scientific knowledge and societal values. We propose that the principal aim of NPS resource management in natural areas is the unimpeded interaction of native ecosystem processes and structural elements. The case of the changing role of natural fire management is used as an example in developing this rationale.     

秦皇岛海滨森林公园森林景观改造探讨

秦皇岛海滨森林公园是秦皇岛沿海防护林的重要组成部分，也是秦皇岛重要的城市森林公园之一。针对秦皇岛海滨森林公园阔叶树多、针叶树少、树种单一、林龄老化、景观单调的现状．探讨了森林公园景观改造的原则、措施和技术，并描绘了景观改造后的效果。     

生态工业园内的水资源循环模型

目前，工业生态学在我国有了很大程度的发展，它已成为环境管理和规划领域研究的热点问题。本文简要介绍生态工业园的概念和理论后，重点阐述了生态工业园区内水资源循环模型的构建，并以青白江工业集中发展区为例，建立工业园区内的水资源循环再生模型，以期对我国的生态工业园区的水资源规划和循环再生利用提供依据。     

A Methodological Approach for Designating Management Zones in Mount Spil National Park, Turkey

/ This study was undertaken to (1) determine the suitability of ecosystems within Mount Spil National Park (Turkey) to human activities by a systematic zoning procedure, and (2) provide the basis for developing sound management strategies based on natural-cultural resource attributes of the park. After assessing natural-cultural resources and human activity requirements, the suitability of three zones (Strict Protection Zone, SPZ; Restricted Use Zone, RUZ; and Recreation and Administration Zone, RAZ) for proposed human activities/land uses was determined in order to maintain ecological sustainability and integrity through a weighting-ranking methodology, based on a grid cell resolution of 1 km x 1 km. Results showed that out of the three management zones, the RUZ in which the recreational activities that do not require physical developments are allowed constituted 82% of the park area as the first priority management zone. The proposed zoning procedure is believed to be a key step to improve management for both the study area and other national parks with the similar landscape features.