External threats and internal management: the hydrologic regulation of the Everglades,Florida, USA

The ecological character of seasonal marshes is determined in large part by the pattern of water level fluctuation. As a result, the ecological health of a wetland reserve can be controlled by hydrologic regulation external to its boundaries. As an example, the Everglades marsh of Everglades National Park in Florida, USA, has been severely effected by management of the inflow of surface water. The Everglades occupies most of the interior of southern Florida, but only the lower 6% of the original marsh is contained in Everglades National Park. Shallow surface water reservoirs north of the park enclose 3600 km² of Everglades. Their levee system confines surface water flow into the park to several structures. Historically this water flowed across the entire core of the natural drainage. Flows into the park have been on a congressionally mandated schedule of minimum deliveries that is supplemented by additional water released into the park in amounts determined solely by upstream water management needs. My research, aimed at evaluating the effects of water conditions, has shown that this regulatory system has adversely affected reproductive success, community structure, and population sizes of sensitive species whose population stability is tied to natural water level fluctuations. These adverse effects were caused by water levels that for over a decade have been maintained at unseasonably high levels. Mathematically deterministic models of water level effects can provide management options based on biologial criteria. Park managers must incorporate understanding gained from such models into internal management decisions. Modifications of water control structures and alternative policies for managing the distribution and amount of surface water flow into the park appear attainable, can improve biological conditions in the park, and need not be adverse to neighboring external interests. Thus far biological changes are severe, and to a large extent irreversible. Ecologically sensitive management of an external threat under constraints imposed by history and setting can better maintain some semblance of ecological processes in the Everglades. If management decisions do not reflect such understanding of ecological processes, further ecological deterioration will result.     

链式风险评估方法研究及工程应用

为解释工程中各类风险事件间存在的关联机理,将风险事件间的关联关系提炼为链式结构,给出了工程链式风险评估的整套流程和方法。以内罗毕国家公园特大桥施工期生态、灾害、安全风险全过程风险评估为例,阐明了该方法的应用过程,并与独立风险评估方法进行了比较。研究结果表明:链式风险评估方法计算量较大,评估步骤较为繁杂,当风险事件数量较大时其可操作性较差;当对某几项风险极为关注时,对其进行小范围的链式风险分析可使评估结果更加真实全面。 工程链式风险评估方法具有可行性和适用性。     

Effects of Introduced Salmonids on a Montane Population of Iberian Frogs

Abstract:  Amphibians are declining worldwide because of multiple factors, including human-mediated introduction of fishes into naturally fishless areas. Although several studies have focused on the effect of exotic fishes on native amphibians breeding in ponds or lakes, little is known about their effects on stream-breeding species. We studied the effects of introductions of native brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) and exotic brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) on the stream-breeding, endemic Iberian frog (  Rana iberica ) in a protected area in central Spain. We assessed occurrence patterns of tadpoles and salmonids and compared habitat use of the three species. We also determined experimentally whether chemical cues from salmonids elicited antipredator behavior in tadpoles. Finally, we assessed the relative influence of tadpole habitat preferences, differences in salmonid species, and invasion geography on tadpole occurrence. Despite widely overlapping habitat preferences, tadpoles and trout did not coexist, with the former restricted to fishless habitats. Tadpoles detected chemical cues from both trout species and reacted by decreasing their activity, although the response toward the native brown trout was stronger. The residual distribution of Iberian frogs in Peñalara is better explained by the geography of fish invasions than by the fish species involved. Measures such as fish extirpation from certain areas, aimed at recovering lost habitat and improving connectivity among remaining populations of Iberian frogs, seem critical for the species' long-term survival in central Spain.     

Effects of Metal Mining and Milling on Boundary Waters of Yellowstone National Park, USA

/ Aquatic resources in Soda Butte Creek within Yellowstone National Park, USA, continue to be threatened by heavy metals from historical mining and milling activities that occurred upstream of the park's boundary. This includes the residue of gold, silver, and copper ore mining and processing in the early 1900s near Cooke City, Montana, just downstream of the creek's headwaters. Toxicity tests, using surrogate test species, and analyses of metals in water, sediments, and macroinvertebrate tissue were conducted from 1993 to 1995. Chronic toxicity to test species was greater in the spring than the fall and metal concentrations were elevated in the spring with copper exceeding water quality criteria in 1995. Tests with amphipods using pore water and whole sediment from the creek and copper concentrations in the tissue of macroinvertebrates and fish also suggest that copper is the metal of concern in the watershed. In order to understand current conditions in Soda Butte Creek, heavy metals, especially copper, must be considered important factors in the aquatic and riparian ecosystems within and along the creek extending into Yellowstone National Park.KEY WORDS: Mining; Metals; Toxicity; Biomonitoring; Copper; Yellowstone National Park     

人工浮岛在丁香湖水质改善中的应用

针对丁香湖水体恶化产生蓝藻的问题,在湖中设置人工浮岛对水质进行改善,浮岛植物以凤眼莲为主,辅以美人蕉等搭配.人工浮岛运行后,对水体中TN、TP指标净化效果良好,TN的去除率为48.1%～52.1%,TP的去除率为55.0%～64.4%,而且具有一定的景观效果.     

大理洱源西湖村水污染负荷分析及对策措施

通过对大理西湖国家湿地公园所在地洱源县西湖村的种植业、畜禽养殖业、村民生活方式和旅游业的污染现状进行调查和分析,探索西湖村的生产生活与西湖水体污染的关系,比较得出引起西湖富营养化的主要原因是畜禽养殖污染物的流失。针对西湖村水污染源的特点,提出修复和保护西湖环境的措施:改变畜禽养殖方式,解决厩肥随地堆放产生的污染;构建成本低和维护简单的村落污水收集管网和处理系统;建设湿地生态农业和湖滨带乔木-水塘-沟渠生态系统;加强旅游基础设施建设,合理开发旅游资源,以保护促进开发。     

沿江化工园区污水处理厂出水对体外培养的大鼠睾丸细胞生殖毒性研究

应用基于原代培养的大鼠睾丸细胞体外毒性测试方法,通过支持细胞、生精细胞及间质细胞这3种细胞的形态、活力、胞外乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活力、细胞早期凋亡坏死率和睾酮分泌量等指标对沿江化工园区污水处理厂出水的生殖毒性进行了研究. 结果表明,新开发的沿江化工园区A和省级沿江化工园区B污水处理厂出水有机提取物浓缩后均能造成不同程度的大鼠睾丸细胞生殖毒性,园区A提取物能明显影响支持细胞（p<0.01）、生精细胞（p<0.05）和间质细胞（p<0.05）的细胞活力,影响支持细胞和生精细胞胞外LDH活力（p<0.01）,且其毒性明显高于园区B. 暴露导致支持细胞处于凋亡早期,而生精细胞比较敏感,已到了凋亡晚期甚至有小团细胞坏死,虽然间质细胞的形态没有显著变化但园区A有机提取物已明显抑制了间质细胞睾酮的分泌（p<0.01）. 研究表明,通过基于原代培养的大鼠睾丸细胞体外毒性测试方法能够对污水处理厂出水的生殖毒性做出综合评价,该方法可以作为现行国家污水综合排放化学监测的有效补充.     

浅析工业园区生态系统承载力评价指标的建立及其应用

工业园区生态系统承载力的评价指标体系研究与应用分析,对实现工业园区整个生态系统的可持续发展有着实际意义。本文对工业园区生态系统承栽力的概念进行了界定,从支持与压力两个方面构建了工业园区生态系统承载力的评价指标体系,另外用承载率定量化评价方法对工业园区生态系统承载力进行了研究。最后从四个方面探讨了工业园区生态系统承载力如何应用于生态工业园区规划。     

湿地自然保护区生态恢复及其绿色开发探析——以七里海湿地国家级自然保护区为例

七里海湿地是我国国家级自然保护区,世界著名三大古海岸之一。近几十年出现了严重的生态危机,本文借鉴众多湿地保护与开发经验,就七里海湿地生态恢复与绿色开发利用提出了一些可行的措施：依据自然保护区的相关法律法规对其进行切实保护与管理,通过恢复河流生态补水、翻耕苇地、禁捕鸟类等生态修复措施恢复其生态功能,进而发展湿地绿色产业、开展项目建设环评等绿色开发活动发挥其重要的生态、经济和社会价值。     

生态工业园工业共生网络的构建

工业共生网络是生态工业园建设过程中的核心内容。本文以铜陵循环经济工业试验园为例,开展了工业共生网络构建的实证研究。研究内容主要包括：（1）试验园建设背景和产业现状分析;（2）生态产业链（硫化工产业链、冶金产业链、纺织服装产业链、铜延伸加工产业链）的构建;（3）各产业链间在物质、能量和水层面上的耦合共生。最后,从参与共生企业的所有权关系和网络构成方式两方面,对试验园工业共生网络模式的优缺点进行了讨论,并提出进一步完善的建议。