Vegetation and soil recovery in wilderness campsites closed to visitor use

Recreational use of wilderness results in impacts to vegetation and soil in trails and campsites. Traditionally, campsite impact studies have compared campsites receiving various levels of use with unused control areas. Field studies in Sequoia National Park, California, indicate that the degree of impact to vegetation and soils also varies within campsites. The central areas of campsites, where trampling is concentrated, show lower plant species diversity, differences in relative species cover, more highly compacted soils, and lower soil nutrient concentrations than do peripheral, moderately trampled, and untrampled areas within the same campsite. Three years after closure to visitor use, the central areas show less increase in mean foliar plant cover, and soils remain more highly compacted than in previously moderately trampled areas of the same sites. Changes in relative species cover over time are used to assess both resiliency to trampling and species composition recovery within campsites closed to visitor use.     

Are bison exotic in the Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve?

The effect of past distributions of animal populations now extinct in an area from unknown causes is considered relative to their status as exotic or native in national parks. The example is the bison (Bisonbison) on the Copper and Chitina river drainages in Alaska in the USA which was introduced prior to establishment of Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve. The fossil record suggests that bison were present as recently as 500 years ago in Alaska. The policy of the US National Park Service to maintain natural ecosystems and restrict or eliminate exotic species raises the issue of whether this species should be treated as exotic or native.     

Implementation of two new resource management information systems in Australia

This paper describes the development and implementation ofPREPLAN, A Pristine Environment Planning Language and Simulator, for two conservation areas in Australia, Kosciusko National Park (New South Wales) and Tutanning Nature Reserve (Western Australia).PREPLAN was derived from the North American gradient modeling systems and theForest Planning Language and Simulator (FORPLAN), but includes unique characteristics not previously available.PREPLAN includes an integrated resource management data base, modules for predicting site-specific vegetation, fuels, animals, fire behavior, and fire effects, and an English language instruction set.PREPLAN was developed specifically to provide available information and understanding of ecosystems to managers in a readily accessible and usable form, and to provide the motivation to conduct additional required research projects. An evaluation of the system's advantages and limitations is presented, and the way the utilization of such systems is improving natural area decision making throughout Australia is discussed.     

陕北能源化工基地建立生态工业园模式选择及两种模式构建流程

生态工业园的建设主要有4种模式。通过比较各个模式的特点,针对陕北能源化工基地现状,提出基地建立生态工业园应选择改造重构与产业共生两种模式：绘制流程图,对两种模式的构建流程进行研究。     

灰色关联分析在工业区清洁生产企业筛选中的应用

在工业园区选择循环经济模式目的是使规划区域成为一个生态工业园,推进企业层次的清洁生产,需要筛选评价企业生态化建设的优先顺序。通过选取参考序列样本,对南通经济开发区企业清洁生产的物质减量和污染排放效率指标进行灰色关联度分析,关联度越高,企业生态化水平越高,可筛选为清洁生产企业。结果表明,清洁生产企业的审计可按照相关指标关联程度判断园区范围内重点规模企业生态化水平及其生态化潜力,并可在同行业内筛选出优先进行清洁生产审计的对象,对园区企业实施生态化有明确指导作用。     

蒙西生态工业园区循环工业体系-物质、能量循环

日益严峻的环境与资源问题直接威胁到了人类的生存,为了实现全社会的可持续发展,人们提出了循环经济理论,以解决人类面临的一系列环境与生态问题循环经济是一种先进的可持续发展模式,而生态工业园区是实现循环经济的重要载体。在园区内,通过清洁生产以及生态产业链的衔接,可以充分地利用现有资源,达到废弃物排放最小化和环境污染最小化的目的。物质能量循环是生态工业园区的核心部分,在本文中采用物质利用强IU的研究方法对蒙西生态工业园区的物质循环进行了分析。园区内的主要产业为：电厂,水泥厂,捣固焦厂和高岭土厂。通过对其固体废弃物、新鲜用水和污水的IU值计算,得出分别为29.7t/10^4RMB,24.6m^3/10^4RMB,4.4 m^3/10^4RMB。同时通过对蒙西工业园区主要产业进行能量投入产出分析,得出其单位GDP能耗分别为11.1t标准煤/10^4RMB、10.6t标准煤/10^4RMB、0.5t标准煤/10^4RMB、4.1t标准煤/10^4RMB。从而得出园区内IU值偏大,物质的循环利用程度较低;又通过比较得出园区内主要企业能耗均符合国家标准,但在园区内部能量循环不够完善,亟待加强。     

铁矿区生态工业园规划建设研究

针对铁矿区尾矿回收利用和处理的需求,本文提出在矿区进行生态工业园建设以达到资源、环境、经济可持续发展的观点,并且探讨了铁矿区生态工业园规划建设的具体内容。     

Industrial symbiosis contributing to more sustainable energy use - an example from the forest industry in Kymenlaakso, Finland

Industrial symbiosis (IS) studies the physical flows of materials and energy in local industrial systems using a systems approach. In this study the total fuel and energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions are calculated for an ‘industrial park’ operating in the same manner as an IS. Moreover the relevance of industrial symbiosis, particularly one centred on pulp and paper manufacturing, in moving towards more sustainable fuel consumption and reduced greenhouse gas emissions is discussed. The system is compared to hypothetical stand-alone production. Moreover, possibilities to reduce the energy use and total greenhouse gas emissions of the park are identified.     

石化工业园区污水处理工程实例

田东石化工业园区污水处理工程设计规模为5000m3/d采用水解酸化＋A/O工艺,该工艺对工业园区污水处理效果好,运行稳定.出水水质优于〈污水综合排放标准〉（GB8978-1996）一级标准,完全满足排入右江的要求.污水处理运行成本1.13元/m3.     

汤旺河国家公园不同演替阶段森林土壤细菌多样性变化规律

为了解红松湿生演替系列过程中土壤生境及土壤细菌多样性的变化规律,以小兴安岭汤旺河国家公园的白桦次生林、人工针阔混交林和原始云冷杉红松林为研究对象,分别代表湿生演替系列的演替先锋群落、演替中期群落和演替顶级群落,采用高通量测序的方法分析森林土壤细菌的多样性变化规律.结果表明:汤旺河国家公园从先锋演替到顶级演替阶段,森林土壤中w（OC）、w（TN）、w（AN）、w（AP）和w（AK）升高,而pH降低.此次分析土壤细菌包括16门27纲52目60科75属,其中Acidobacteria、Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria、Bacteroidetes为共有的优势菌门（相对丰度>1%）.演替先锋阶段（白桦次生林）Proteobacteria相对丰度最高,然而演替后期（云冷杉红松林）Acidobacteria相对丰度最高.通过冗余分析和相关性分析发现,不同演替阶段的森林土壤细菌多样性与土壤中w（OC）呈显著负相关,与土壤中w（TK）呈显著负相关,与土壤中w（AK）呈极显著负相关.研究显示,土壤细菌群落结构和多样性在不同湿生演替阶段有明显差异,主要可能受到土壤中w（OC）、w（TK）和w（AK）的影响.