热诱导浮力羽流涡旋结构直接数值模拟

涡旋结构是湍流流场重要的研究内容之一,也是影响特殊火行为的重要因素之一,如涡旋在飞火传播中起着非常重要的作用。火羽流涡旋结构的详细分析对火灾蔓延特性的研究有重要指导意义。该文对轴对称热羽流和平面热羽流进行了直接数值模拟,分别基于涡旋动力学及涡旋稳定性角度对计算结果进行详细分析。研究表明平面热羽流的涡量值明显高于轴对称热羽流,平面热羽流具有较低的脉动频率。从涡量输运方程出发,分析得出拉伸项的存在降低了轴对称热羽流的混合强度。     

煤质样品中汞的直接测定

采用DMA-80型直接测汞仪测定煤中汞含量,样品经过筛（100目）预处理,干燥温度和时间分别为200 ℃和30 s,分解温度和时间分别为650 ℃和90 s,基体元素对测定无明显干扰。方法在高质量浓度（0.200 mg/L～10.0 mg/L）和低质量浓度（0.400 μg/L～200 μg/L）范围内均线性良好,对0.100 g煤质样品的最低检出限为0.4 μg/kg,平行测定的RSD＜5%,加标回收率＞97%,与原子荧光法的测定结果相一致。     

Model-based direct search optimization of the broke recirculation system in a newsprint mill

This work is concerned with the dynamic modelling of the papermaking section of an integrated newsprint mill, and the subsequent application of two direct search methods in a proof-of-concept optimization study of broke recirculation strategies. The effect of the current broke recirculation policy on the mixed pulp properties at the paper machine headboxes was quantified using a dynamic simulation generating data for an objective function which reflected the rate of change in measurable (flow, consistency and temperature) and immeasurable (total dissolved solids and fibre length distribution) parameters. Genetic Algorithm and the Nelder–Mead simplex methods were then linked dynamically to the simulation and used to find improved ways of recirculating broke pulp. Specifically, the profile of the changes to the broke ratio was modelled using a quadratic function and a second-order transfer function, and the coefficients of these functions were optimized. The optimized broke recirculation resulted in a significant reduction in the value of the objective function, thus, suggesting that the fluctuations in the properties of the mixed pulp stream could be dampened and paper machine headbox stability improved. It is expected that this process enhancement strategy would contribute to an increase in production yield (via a reduction in the occurrence of paper machine breaks), and thus an overall reduction in the waste of materials and energy.     

Chromosome mosaicism and maternal cell contamination in chorionic villi

While chorionic villus sampling allows both early and rapid prenatal diagnosis of chromosome disorders, the accuracy of this technique has not been fully established. Maternal cell contamination and pseudomosaicism represent two major sources of diagnostic error. Combined use of both direct chromosome preparations and villus cultures is important in overcoming these problems. Direct preparations of villus tissue allow recognition of maternal cell contamination of villus cultures. Conversely, villus cultures yield higher resolution chromosomes and may be helpful in differentiating between true versus pseudomosaicism when two or more cell lines are identified in direct chromosome preparations. Preliminary data suggest that analysis of direct preparations from multiple individually processed villus fragments may also be of value in this regard. Until more experience is gained, mid-trimester amniocentesis should be offered to CVS patients when mosaicism is encountered.     

Rapid karyotyping for prenatal diagnosis in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy

Direct chromosome preparations were performed on placental villi obtained by ultrasoundguided needle aspiration between 18 and 37 weeks of pregnancy in 53 patients. The sampling yielded a sufficient amount of tissue with a maximum of two, and in most cases one, insertions. Placental biopsy is easily performed in cases of severe oligohydrammnios, where fetal blood sampling is usually more difficult. Direct karyotyping of placental villi is faster than chromosome analysis from fetal blood or application of the pipette method on amniotic fluid cells, and currently represents the most rapid approach to prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities from the first to the third trimester of pregnancy.     

Some properties of a granular activated carbon-sequencing batch reactor (GAC-SBR) system for treatment of textile wastewater containing direct dyes

Resting (living) bio-sludge from a domestic wastewater treatment plant was used as an adsorbent of both direct dyes and organic matter in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system. The dye adsorption capacity of the bio-sludge was not increased by acclimatization with direct dyes. The adsorption of Direct Red 23 and Direct Blue 201 onto the bio-sludge was almost the same. The resting bio-sludge showed higher adsorption capacity than the autoclaved bio-sludge. The resting bio-sludge that was acclimatized with synthetic textile wastewater (STWW) without direct dyes showed the highest Direct Blue 201, COD, and BOD(5) removal capacities of 16.1+/-0.4, 453+/-7, and 293+/-9 mg/g of bio-sludge, respectively. After reuse, the dye adsorption ability of deteriorated bio-sludge was recovered by washing with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution. The direct dyes in the STWW were also easily removed by a GAC-SBR system. The dye removal efficiencies were higher than 80%, even when the system was operated under a high organic loading of 0.36kgBOD(5)/m(3)-d. The GAC-SBR system, however, showed a low direct dye removal efficiency of only 57+/-2.1% with raw textile wastewater (TWW) even though the system was operated with an organic loading of only 0.083kgBOD(5)/m(3)-d. The dyes, COD, BOD(5), and total kjeldalh nitrogen removal efficiencies increased up to 76.0+/-2.8%, 86.2+/-0.5%, 84.2+/-0.7%, and 68.2+/-2.1%, respectively, when 0.89 g/L glucose (organic loading of 0.17kgBOD(5)/m(3)-d) was supplemented into the TWW.     

The impact of direct and indirect experiences on the development of environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behavior

This study employed a mixed-methods design to examine the relationship between nature experience type (e.g., direct and indirect) and learning outcomes (e.g., environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behavior) associated with an environmental education, international immersion program for adolescents. Longitudinal data from 108 participant and 49 comparison group members were analyzed to test the study’s hypotheses. Additionally, qualitative data were analyzed using grounded theory methodology to assess participants’ perceptions of these processes. The findings indicate that environmental knowledge increased more than environmental attitudes during the indirect portion of the program (i.e., preparatory program) whereas the direct portion (i.e., international workshop) produced similar levels of knowledge and attitude growth. Further, while attitudes were more strongly associated with behavior during the indirect component of the program, the strength of the relationships between attitudes and behavior, and knowledge and behavior were similar during the direct portion of the experience. A synthesis of the findings suggests that the program’s direct experiences catalyzed environmental knowledge into a stronger motivating force than it had been during the indirect experiences. The qualitative findings also provide insights into the characteristics of direct experiences. These findings offer important insights for both theory and practice related to the use of direct and indirect nature experiences to develop environmental knowledge, attitude, and behaviors.     

活性炭负载TiO2催化剂对直接耐酸大红4BS溶液的光催化降解研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了活性炭负载型TiO2催化剂,采用了XRD、BET和SEM对催化剂进行表征。研究了催化剂对直接耐酸大红4BS的紫外光催化降解,比较了活性炭、P25和TiO2／AC对4BS溶液的降解能力,探讨了催化剂煅烧温度和投加量以及染料溶液的初始浓度对光催化降解率的影响,并对催化剂进行了回收再生实验。结果表明,500℃下煅烧的TiO2／AC催化剂比表面积为1147．88m^2／g、TiO2粒径为21．9nm、晶相组成以锐钛矿为主,具有良好的光催化活性和稳定性;90min后2g／L催化剂对150mg／L的4BS溶液紫外光催化降解率达到99．8％。     

超高效液相色谱-质谱法直接进样测定水中草甘膦和丁基黄原酸

通过优化色谱条件、稀释样品、加入氨水等措施,建立了超高效液相色谱-质谱法直接进样分析地表水及自来水中草甘膦和丁基黄原酸的方法。草甘膦和丁基黄原酸在各自线性范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(R2) 0. 999。方法检出限分别为5. 20(前处理中对样品进行了20倍稀释)和0. 08μg/L,远低于国家标准限值要求。草甘膦和丁基黄原酸的加标回收率分别为73. 8%～92. 3%和85. 0%～113. 0%,样品间的标准偏差均10%,准确度和精密度均满足质控要求。该方法简化了样品前处理过程,成功降低了基质效应对草甘膦和丁基黄原酸测定的干扰。     

有机胺插层四钛酸对直接湖蓝5B的吸附性能研究

在微波辅助下对四钛酸进行了有机胺插层,获得了正辛胺﹑正十二胺﹑正十六胺插层四钛酸材料,研究了3种层状物质作为吸附剂,pH﹑震荡时间﹑吸附剂用量等因素对直接湖蓝5B偶氮染料吸附的影响,确定了3种材料吸附的最佳条件。研究表明:微波有机胺插层四钛酸材料具有优良的吸附性能,pH=1.0时,正辛胺插层四钛酸用量为0.8 g/L﹑振荡时间40 min,正十二胺插层材料和正十六插层材料用量为0.4 g/L﹑振荡时间分别30 min和50 min时,吸附脱色效果最好。随染料浓度增大,温度升高,插层四钛酸材料会发生板层分离,表现为常规的物理吸附过程。在50℃时,正辛胺﹑正十二胺﹑正十六插层四钛酸对直接湖蓝5B染料的吸附量分别达到636 mg/g﹑3 349 mg/g﹑2 856 mg/g。