偶氮染料4BS光解动力学和总氮脱除的初步研究

采用单独紫外光氧化降解偶氮染料直接耐酸大红(4BS),研究了不同因素对4BS光解效果的影响,并初步考察了光解对4BS溶液总氮的去除效果. 结果表明,单独紫外光氧化法对4BS及溶液中的总氮有一定的去除效果. 在非强碱性条件下,4BS的光解过程符合准一级反应动力学模型. 速率常数随紫外光强的增强而增大,并且与初始ρ(4BS)呈负相关关系. 溶液pH是影响光解反应的重要因素,速率常数随pH升高而增加显著,强碱性条件下光解速率最快. 光解对溶液中总氮的去除分为三步,含氮结构的发色基团易吸收紫外光,在反应初期被降解而生成气态含氮物,生成的中间产物比较稳定,需要经过一段时间的能量积累才能继续降解,从而总氮的去除率再次升高.      

Fe0/荧光假单胞菌联合处理直接耐晒黑的脱色特性

采用荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescen,简称pf菌)与Fe0微粒构建Fe0/pf菌联合体系,处理了含偶氮类染料-直接耐晒黑(C.I.Direct black 19,简称DB19)废水.在中温((35±2)℃)条件下,比较了纯pf菌、纯Fe0微粒和Fe0/pf菌联合体系的脱色能力,并探讨了联合体系中供氧条件、初始pH值、Fe0投加量和染料初始浓度等因素对DB19脱色的影响.结果表明,在微需氧、菌接种量为5％(体积比)的条件下,染料初始浓度为100 mg·L-1、初始pH =7.0、Fe0投加量为500 mg·L-1时,联合体系内脱氢酶活性最高,处理约30 h后可实现90％以上的脱色率;与纯pf菌比较,Fe0/pf菌联合体系达到该脱色率的时间可提前约40 h.UV-vis和FT-IR光谱分析表明,联合体系中DB19染料的脱色过程是通过偶氮键断裂来实现的,而且部分含苯环或萘环结构的中间产物也可被降解.     

Aerosol optical properties and the mixing state of black carbon at a background mountainous site in Eastern China

In-situ measurements of aerosol optical properties were conducted at Mt. Huang from September 23 to October 28, 2012. Low averages of 82.2, 10.9, and 14.1 Mm~(-1) for scattering coefficient(σ_(sp, neph, 550)), hemispheric backscattering coefficient(σ_(hbsp, neph, 550)), and absorption coefficient(σ_(ap, 550)), respectively, were obtained. Atmospheric aging process resulted in the increase of σap, 550 but the decrease of the single scattering albedo(ω_(550)) at constant aerosol concentration. However, the proportion of non-light-absorbing components(non-BCs) was getting higher during the aging process, resulting in the increase of aerosol diameter, which also contributed to relatively higher σ_(sp, neph, 550) and ω_(550). Diurnal cycles of σ_(sp, neph, 550) and σ_(ap, 550) with high values in the morning and low values in the afternoon were observed closely related to the development of the planetary boundary layer and the mountain-valley breeze. BC mixing state, represented by the volume fraction of externally mixed BC to total BC(r), was retrieved by using the modified Mie model.The results showed r reduced from about 70% to 50% when the externally mixed non-BCs were considered. The periodical change and different diurnal patterns of r were due to the atmospheric aging and different air sources under different synoptic systems. Local biomass burning emissions were also one of the influencing factors on r. Aerosol radiative forcing for different mixing state were evaluated by a "two-layer-single-wavelength" model,showing the cooling effect of aerosols weakened with BC mixing state changing from external to core-shell mixture.     

热诱导浮力羽流涡旋结构直接数值模拟

涡旋结构是湍流流场重要的研究内容之一,也是影响特殊火行为的重要因素之一,如涡旋在飞火传播中起着非常重要的作用。火羽流涡旋结构的详细分析对火灾蔓延特性的研究有重要指导意义。该文对轴对称热羽流和平面热羽流进行了直接数值模拟,分别基于涡旋动力学及涡旋稳定性角度对计算结果进行详细分析。研究表明平面热羽流的涡量值明显高于轴对称热羽流,平面热羽流具有较低的脉动频率。从涡量输运方程出发,分析得出拉伸项的存在降低了轴对称热羽流的混合强度。     

Economic and financial analysis of harvesting and utilization of river reed in the Okavango Delta, Botswana

The Okavango Delta, the largest Ramsar wetland site, is one of the most resource-rich ecosystems in Botswana. A range of resources, including reeds, contribute in various ways to the well-being of many of the communities through subsistence and income generation. The economic value of reeds and other resources found in wetlands has been poorly understood, leading to the perception that wetlands are wastelands, and have little or no economic values. Such resources are therefore likely to receive lower priority in conservation when evaluated against other alternative activities. The aim of this research was to determine the benefit and financial and economic viability of harvesting river reed in the Okavango Delta. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered at three villages in the Okavango Delta. Secondary data were collected from existing literature. Financial and economic analysis was undertaken using static and financial models. Market prices were used to calculate the net income generated from the sale of harvested reed. The measurement criteria for static models were the annual net cash income, net annual economic benefit, and return on investment (ROI), while those under the dynamic models were the net present value (NPV), benefit cost ratio (BCR), and the net benefit investment (N/K) ratio. It was more financially profitable and economically viable to harvest and sell reeds at Shorobe village (a village relatively close to the District economic centre, Maun), than Shakawe or Etsha-13.     

Implicit attitudes towards risky driving behaviors: Evidence of validity for the implicit association test

Introduction: Attitudes toward risky driving behaviors are commonly evaluated through direct self-report measures. Nevertheless, these instruments have limitations, such as socially-desirable responding. This study examines the validity of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) as an indirect measure of attitudes towards risky driving. An IAT with “risky” vs. “safe” driving behaviors categories was evaluated. Method: A sample of 100 participants (ranging from 18 to 70 years of age) completed the IAT and measures of attitudes, driving styles, personality traits, risk-taking (IOWA Gambling Task), and social desirability (Driver Social Desirability Scale). Results: A high level of internal consistency was found for IAT scores. The IAT was correlated with driving styles (risky, dissociative, and careful dimensions), risk-related personality traits (impulsive/sensation seeking and aggression/hostility) and risk-taking measures. IAT scores were also associated with self-reported risky driving behaviors (r = 0.33). As expected, a higher level of negative implicit attitudes was found among young drivers. The driver social desirability scale was correlated with most self-report measures, but not with the IAT. Conclusion: The present study provides reliability and validity evidence for the IAT as an indirect measure of attitudes towards risky driving. The IAT can serve as an important complement to conventional self-report measures of driving attitudes. Practical Applications: Potential use of global measure of implicit attitudes toward risky driving behaviors in the evaluation, education, and training of drivers are discussed.     

UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定地表水中多种有机污染物

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法直接进样测定地表水中26种有机污染物,通过优化试验条件,使各目标化合物在1.00μg/L^100μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数(r 2)>0.995,方法检出限为0.003μg/L^1.0μg/L。将该方法用于地表水样的测定,加标回收率为79.0%~120%,6次测定结果的RSD均<15%。     

煤质样品中汞的直接测定

采用DMA-80型直接测汞仪测定煤中汞含量,样品经过筛（100目）预处理,干燥温度和时间分别为200 ℃和30 s,分解温度和时间分别为650 ℃和90 s,基体元素对测定无明显干扰。方法在高质量浓度（0.200 mg/L～10.0 mg/L）和低质量浓度（0.400 μg/L～200 μg/L）范围内均线性良好,对0.100 g煤质样品的最低检出限为0.4 μg/kg,平行测定的RSD＜5%,加标回收率＞97%,与原子荧光法的测定结果相一致。     

直接进水样气相色谱法及萃取法测定水中苯系物的比较研究

对二硫化碳萃取法和直接进水样气相色谱法测定水中的苯系物作了分析、比较和研究。对方法进行了线性、精密度等试验,表明了萃取法可以满足对地面水中苯系物的测定要求,直接进水样法则适用于工业废水中苯系物的监测。     

环境样品中DNA提取方法的研究进展

利用微生物降解污染物是废水处理中的常用方法,研究废水处理工艺中微生物的多样性和动态性对于优化废水处理工艺的性能、提高其处理效率具有重要的指导意义.分子生物学方法是研究微生物多样性和动态性的有效方法.由于大多数分子生物学方法都是以提取研究对象的基因组DNA为前提,因此建立一种高效的环境样品DNA的提取方法具有重要作用.综述了从环境样品中提取DNA的主要方法及其研究进展,并提出了一种有效的从活性污泥中提取DNA的具体方法.