西安市大气颗粒物数浓度分布及典型天气条件特征变化

利用2013年3月到2014年12月期间西安市大气中0.25～32μm颗粒物监测数据和同期气象参数、散射消光系数等数据,分析了大气颗粒物数浓度分布及典型天气条件下变化特征.结果表明:采样期间西安市大气颗粒物平均数浓度为206.27个/cm3, 99%以上为<1μm的颗粒物数.大气颗粒物数浓度冬季最高,其次为秋、夏和春季,分别为267.66、231.31、141.82和135.77个/cm3.四季的数浓度低值均出现在18:00左右,之后数浓度上升,且晚上高于白天,冬季6:00左右达到峰值,夏季的昼夜差最小,秋季最大.春夏秋冬的大气颗粒物数浓度与散射消光系数的Pearson相关系数分别为0.756、0.702、0.411、0.377.大气颗粒物数浓度在沙尘天气发生前、中、后会升高、下降和再下降,霾天气出现前、后会升高和下降;高温干燥天气下,大气颗粒物数浓度相对较低;降雨对大气颗粒物的清除作用明显,但降雨后大气颗粒物数浓度又很快回升.     

某水利枢纽坝区构造特征及其对岩溶发育规律的影响

某水利枢纽区构造基本格局形成于早白垩世的燕山运动,此时构造应力场以NE向为最大主应力方向,形成了规模较大的NE向百兴向斜;渐新世以来,区域表现为大面积的间歇性隆升,构造应力场转变以NW向为最大主应力方向,形成坝区占统治地位的NE向构造,在坚硬的岩层中形成大量节理裂隙,软弱岩层中则表现为塑性变形。这种构造特征对岩溶的发育具有控制性作用:(1)构造发育史控制了岩溶发育演化史,(2)构造运动的间歇性导致岩溶的多层性及继承性,(3)褶皱限制了岩溶呈NE向带状分布,(4)不同岩层内构造特征相异导致岩溶仅在某些岩层内较发育,(5)节理裂隙控制了岩溶发育的部位及形态规模。     

The distribution,metabolism and toxicity of 14c-DDT in model aquarium tanks with fish and sediment simulating a tropical marine environment

Studies conducted on the distribution, fate and metabolism of DDT in a model ecosystem simulating a tropical marine environment of fish, Gobious nudiceps, Lethrinus harak, Gobious keinesis, Gobious nebulosis and white shrimp (Panaeus setiferus), show that DDT concentration in the water decreases rapidly within the first 24?h. Rapid accumulation of the pesticide in the biota also reaches a maximum level in 24?h before gradually declining. The bioaccumulation factors calculated for the fish species (G. keinesis) and white shrimp (P. Setiferus) were 270 and 351, respectively, after 24?h. There was a steady build up of DDT residues in the sediment during the first 24?h which continued to a maximum concentration of 6.66?ng/g in the seawater/fish/sediment ecosystem after 3 weeks and 5.27?ng/g in the seawater/shrimps/sediment ecosystem after 2.7 days. The depuration of the accumulated pesticide was slow with only 54% lost in G. nudiceps within 3 days of exposure in fresh sea water. By contrast, depuration was fast in the white shrimp, which lost 97% of the accumulated pesticide under the same conditions. DDT was found to be toxic to two of the fish species (G. nebulosis and L. harak) and to white shrimp, and the degree of toxicity was dependent on the particular species. The 24?h LC₅₀ at room temperature for the fish species G. nebulosis and white shrimp was found to be 0.011 and 0.116?mg/kg, respectively. These levels are comparable to the ones recorded for the temperate organisms. Degradation of DDT to its primary metabolites, DDE and DDD, was found in all the compartments of the ecosystem with DDE being the major metabolite in the fish, shrimps and sediment, while in seawater, DDD dominated as the major metabolite.     

厦门水库水体颗粒物分布特征及其与环境因子的关系研究

研究了厦门湖边水库、石兜-坂头水库水体颗粒物的分布特征及其与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:(1)水体颗粒物平均含量以坂头库区最高,石兜库区次之,湖边水库最低,平均含量分别为31.9、27.7和23.1mg/L;在空间分布上,不同水库或库区、不同采样站位间,由于水体颗粒物的来源成因不同,其分布规律呈现出明显的差异。(2)从水体颗粒物与环境因子的关联度分析,湖边水库及石兜-坂头水库两个库区的水体颗粒物与总氮和总磷都有较大关联性。(3)利用Pearson积矩相关系数(两尾)进行检验,湖边水库及石兜-坂头水库两个库区的水体颗粒物均与总氮呈显著或极显著相关,与透明度呈显著负相关,与叶绿素a均呈负相关,与其它因子的相关规律性不明显。(4)水体颗粒物与环境因子的逐步回归分析表明,在不同的水库或库区,对水体颗粒物有显著影响的环境因子各不相同,湖边水库是高锰酸盐指数和总氮,石兜库区是高锰酸盐指数、总氮和总磷,坂头库区是pH、溶解氧和总磷。     

广州主要工业源排放的气态污染物扩散模拟研究

以广州省控工业污染源排放的气态污染物(SO₂、NO_x为主要研究对象,通过中尺度气象模式MM5与空气质量模式CALPUFF耦合,模拟11月典型气象条件下, SO₂和NO_x的扩散传输过程,研究其时空分布特征,并分析省控工业污染源排放对特定区域(主要针对2010年亚运场馆)空气质量的影响。结果表明,主要受典型风速的影响,SO₂和NO_x浓度具有明显的时空分布不均匀性。浓度高峰值主要出现在晚间至凌晨时段,而浓度低峰值主要出现在白天至中午时段。受污染源分布、排放高度和风向的影响,荔湾区和越秀区污染物浓度较高,且在广州西南部形成较明显的污染带;且这些省控污染源对南沙体育馆空气质量有较大影响。 研究结果对广州空气污染来源分析具有一定参考意义。     

氯化剂对超细颗粒物与重金属共生成特性的影响

以循环流化床反应器为实验平台,研究了焚烧温度为850℃下添加剂（NH₄Cl和KCl）对超细颗粒物与重金属共生成特性的影响.结果表明：NH₄Cl和KCl的存在均会降低超细颗粒物的数量浓度,但KCl的效果更佳,发挥的是阶梯式或者协同式作用.此外,添加比例为3%时对超细颗粒物数量浓度的降低最为明显.重金属Cr,Mn,Ni主要通过夹带方式形成超细颗粒物;而重金属Pb,Cu,Zn则主要通过蒸发、冷凝和吸附方式累积在超细颗粒物中.无机氯在焚烧过程中可以作为颗粒之间良好的粘合剂,促进超细颗粒物之间的成长和团聚,同时促进其表面形态的生长.此外,K的存在会促进细模态颗粒物之间的凝聚成长,使得细模态颗粒物的峰值增大,而NH₄⁺的存在会降低粗模态颗粒物的峰值.本研究可为污泥等废物热处理过程中重金属与超细颗粒物的协同控制提供借鉴.     

Uncertainty propagation in vegetation distribution models based on ensemble classifiers

Ensemble learning techniques are increasingly applied for species and vegetation distribution modelling, often resulting in more accurate predictions. At the same time, uncertainty assessment of distribution models is gaining attention. In this study, Random Forests, an ensemble learning technique, is selected for vegetation distribution modelling based on environmental variables. The impact of two important sources of uncertainty, that is the uncertainty on spatial interpolation of environmental variables and the uncertainty on species clustering into vegetation types, is quantified based on sequential Gaussian simulation and pseudo-randomization tests, respectively. An empirical assessment of the uncertainty propagation to the distribution modelling results indicated a gradual decrease in performance with increasing input uncertainty. The test set error ranged from 30.83% to 52.63% and from 30.83% to 83.62%, when the uncertainty ranges on spatial interpolation and on vegetation clustering, respectively, were fully covered. Shannon’s entropy, which is proposed as a measure for uncertainty of ensemble predictions, revealed a similar increasing trend in prediction uncertainty. The implications of these results in an empirical distribution modelling framework are further discussed with respect to monitoring setup, spatial interpolation and species clustering.     

基于高光谱特征提取的藻类叶绿素a反演模型

选取自然界中分布较广泛的小球藻和铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,进行室内藻类光谱试验,同步测定其ρ(叶绿素a),并分别建立基于混合高斯函数的小球藻和铜绿微囊藻高光谱信息模型. 在此基础上,利用模拟退火算法实现模型的非线性参数拟合,提取这2种藻的高光谱特征,通过非线性回归分析,反演得到分解后的高光谱信息模型的峰高(h_i)与ρ(叶绿素a)的定量模型,实现对水体中小球藻和铜绿微囊藻ρ(叶绿素a)的预测. 结果表明:藻类高光谱特征提取算法能有效揭示小球藻和铜绿微囊藻的光谱本质特征,并得出相应的小球藻和铜绿微囊藻叶绿素a反演模型.      

湖南衡阳地区乙型肝炎患者HBV基因分型与血清HBVDNA水平研究

分析了湖南衡阳地区乙型肝炎病毒基因型分布特征,并探讨HBV各基因型与血清HBVDNA水平之间的关系．采用荧光定量PCR结合TaqmanMGB探针技术,对湖南衡阳地区164份乙型肝炎患者血清中的HBVDNA进行基因分型和定量检测．结果164例血清中,C型110A．（67．1％）,B、C型37人（22．3％）,B型8人（5．1％）,D型1人（0．6％）,A型1人（0．6％）．C型与B、C混合型在HBVDNA水平上存在显著差异（t=2．433,P〈0．05）,B、C混合型的HBVDNA水平明显高于C型．由此得出湖南衡阳地区HBV基因型以C型为主、B、C混合型次之,B型较少,D型、A型极少;B、C混合型患者的HBVDNA数量水平显著高于C型．表1．参11．     

香港新机场侯机厅的基本几何结构特点及其火灾安全分区的简短回顾

描述了香港新机场侯机厅的基本几何结构特点,在没有扰乱机场的正常运作的情况下,对侯机厅的火灾安全分区进行了实地考查,对候机厅内的零售店发生轰燃所需的最小热释放速率进行了调查。