Advances in research of airborne microbes in subway systems北大核心CSCD

Subway systems are indispensable for transportation in modern cities, with the air being easily polluted by microbes owing to the enclosed and crowded environment. The microbiological characteristics of subway aerosols have attracted the attention of researchers worldwide during recent years. This review aimed to evaluate the sampling and analyzing methods suitable for detecting airborne microbes in subway systems. Active air sampling methods and molecular biology techniques based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing, metagenomics, and quantitative PCR demonstrated great potential in microbial analysis of aerosols because they can provide accurate and comprehensive information. Temporal and spatial distributions of airborne microbes, as well as the factors influencing their distribution characteristics, were also discussed by critically reviewing worldwide literature on subway microbiome studies. The concentration and composition of airborne bacteria and fungi in subway can vary dramatically with time and space. The critical factors determining microbial community structure and composition include temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, number of passengers, presence of platform screen door, ventilation systems, and so on. The review suggests that future studies on standardized sampling and analyzing protocols are required to obtain contamination levels of subway airborne microbes and to establish the relationship between microbial monitoring data and public health risks. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

煤及其燃烧产物中砷的分布特征

首先研究了我国各主要聚煤区煤中砷的分布,煤的砷含量均值高于世界但低于美国,低于或接近我国土壤砷含量,但与地壳克拉克值比较,砷在煤中被明显富集。从各聚煤区情况看,砷的含量和富集因子均有中新生代煤最大,华南二叠纪煤为次,而华北石炭——二叠纪煤最小的特点。煤各级燃烧产物中砷分布研究表明,底灰中亏损,但富集于飞灰特别是细粒飞灰的表面,质量平衡率的计算显示砷大多能截留于飞灰中,呈蒸气状态逸散入大气的有限。      

双硫腙法研究废电池中汞的分布及浸出

用双硫腙法测定了几种废电池中汞的含量和分布及在不同水环境条件下,汞的浸出率,试图为废电池中各组分去汞后的回收提供理论依据。结果表明,双硫腙测定废电池中汞的方法是可靠的;汞在废电池中主要分布在锌皮（锌粉）和碳包部分;pH对汞的浸出率有较大的影响,浸出率与pH呈负相关。     

风雪共同作用下膜结构雪压分布规律的数值模拟研究

对膜结构在风雪共同作用下的雪压分布规律进行了数值模拟研究。首先采用两相流原理对雪漂运动中的空气相和雪相分别进行了数值建模,然后采用CFD数值模拟技术,研究了在风雪共同作用下双坡型膜结构表面的雪荷载分布规律,分析了双坡型膜结构的重要几何参数变化时,雪漂及屋面雪荷载分布的变化规律,总结了双坡型膜屋面在风雪共同作用下的雪压分布规律。结果表明,屋面倾角和屋面宽度是影响风雪共同作用下膜结构表面雪压分布的重要因素,檐口高度和屋面长度是影响膜结构表面雪压分布的次要因素。本文研究为更安全、经济地进行膜结构的抗风雪设计、施工提供了可靠的科学依据。     

镇江市金山湖沉积物磷元素分布特征研究

以镇江市金山湖为研究区域,于2019年1月（冬季）和2019年7月（夏季）采集了10个点位的表层沉积物样品,参照欧洲标准测试测量组织建立的沉积物磷形态分析方法（SMT）测定沉积物总磷（TP）、无机磷（IP）、有机磷（OP）、铁/铝-磷（Fe/Al-P）和钙-磷（Ca-P）质量分数,研究金山湖表层沉积物磷元素及其赋存形态的季节分布特征。结果表明,金山湖表层沉积物中TP质量分数在冬、夏季分别为727.39~1 073.70 mg/kg和700.90~1 002.17 mg/kg,处于中等污染水平;金山湖表层沉积物磷以IP为主,IP在TP中的占比在冬、夏季分别为68.58%~88.86%,73.09%~87.21%;除了Fe/Al-P以外,OP作为生物有效磷源,其冬、夏季质量分数分别为69.37~190.93 mg/kg和108.45~210.42 mg/kg;其平均值分别为129.01,160.15 mg/kg。金山湖冬、夏季沉积物各形态磷质量分数所占比例均表现为Ca-P>Fe/Al-P>OP,表明该研究区域沉积物以Ca-P占优势。金山湖表层沉积物pH值呈现弱碱性,通过Ca-P直接释放到上覆水中的磷较少,故金山湖沉积物磷元素的潜在风险较小。各形态磷的相关性分析结果发现,冬季沉积物TP与Fe/Al-P、IP呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。夏季沉积物TP与IP、Fe/Al-P之间呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与Ca-P呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。此外,金山湖沉积物OP、Fe/Al-P以及Ca-P的来源不一致。pH值对沉积物IP会产生一定影响,而其余磷形态则受pH值的影响程度较小。     

南宁市土壤中正构烷烃的污染特征及来源解析

为研究南宁市土壤中正构烷烃的赋存情况以及来源,于2021年6月在南宁市内采集了48个土壤样品,采用气相色谱质谱法(GC-MS)对表层土壤中正构烷烃的质量分数进行了测定。结果表明,正构烷烃碳链长度范围为C12—C35,∑24正构烷烃的质量分数为3.93~131.02μg/g,其中C31质量分数最高,C22以上的高碳正构烷烃具有明显的奇偶优势,体现了典型的高等植物来源的特点。碳优势指数等参数分析结果表明,土壤中的正构烷烃主要来自陆地高等植物且总体上木本植物>草本植物,少部分可能存在石油污染。主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,C29—C35具有同源性,主要受植物叶蜡影响(41.36%),C24和C25主要来自水生植物(27.88%),C16和C18可能是细菌和石油化合物排放共同影响的结果(21.49%)。根据主成分分析中样品的贡献权重得出,可能存在石油化合物输入的土壤63.6%来自耕地,27.3%来自林地,9.1%来自园地,研究区土壤中正构烷烃的主要人为排放源可能受到农业机械排放以及靠近道路周边受交通排放的影响。     

受限透视角度下超声波CT温度场诊断技术

超声波CT一种热测量方法,具有不接触、对温度场不干扰的优点。本文发展一种新的超声波CT再现方法,用于解决受限透视角度所产生的信息量不足的问题。新的超声波CT再现算法建立在逆矩阵变换的基础上,它不同于通常的采用SL过滤器的所谓FBPCT再现方式。论文中描述了三种CT迭代再现算法,用计算机模拟结果和三维温度场测量实验数据验证了再现算法的可靠性。同时根据计算和实验结果,建议在受限的透视角度情况下,迭代方法采用修正的正则最小二乘法CGM是合适的。     

某化工厂氟污染物在环境中的分布特征研究

本文根据对温岭市五洲化工厂氟污染因子在周围环境三相中分布特征的调查研究,得出了氟的三相分布特征。结果表明,氟已污染了该厂附近的土壤环境和水环境。并根据氟的三相分布关系,结合生产工艺,分析了氟污染的传播途径,进而提出了该厂防治氟污染的有效措施。     

Distribution,persistence, and fate of mexacarbate in the aquatic environment of a mixed‐wood boreal forest

Abstract

The distribution and persistence of aerially applied mexacarbate were studied in a New Brunswick aquatic forest environment after spraying twice at a dosage of 70 g A.l./ha using a fixed‐wing aircraft. Average droplet density (drops/cm²) and ground deposition (g A.1./ha) between the two applications differed considerably. The values for the first and second applications were 1.7 and 0.73, and 5.2 and 2.0, respectively; but the average NMD (20 μm) and VMD (36 μm) for both applications were nearly the same. The maximum 1‐h postspray concentrations of mexacarbate in the stream and pond waters were 0.73 and 18.74 ppb, respectively. Concentrations fell rapidly to below detection limits within 12 h in stream and within 3 d in pond water. Cattails (Typha latifolia), manna grass (Glyceria borealis) and bog moss (Sphagnum sp.) collected from the pond contained peak 1‐h postspray concentrations of 720, 482 and 81 ppb, respectively. The concentration levels decreased rapidly and the average half‐lives of the chemical in them were about 3.9, 8.5 and 2.0 h. Bog moss, stream moss (Fontinalis sp.), watercress (Nasturtium officinalis), buttercup (Ranunculus aquatilis) and green alga (Drapamaldia sp.) sampled from the stream sites did not contain measurable levels of mexacarbate. Also, caged and wild tadpoles (Rana clamitans melanota) from the pond, and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) (caged and wild), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (wild) and mayfly nymphs (Ephemeralla sp.) collected from the stream did not contain any of the material. Mexacarbate was not detected in stream and pond sediments. The demethylated products, 4‐methylamino and 4‐amino‐3,5‐xylyl methylcarbamates and the phenol, 4‐dimethylamino‐3,5‐xylenol, were frequently detected as metabolites in water and in the aquatic plants. The presence of these compounds showed that demethylation and hydrolytic routes are the major metabolic pathways for the dissipation of mexacarbate from these substrates.     

Analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans in various aqueous samples in Taiwan

Twenty-one fresh water samples were taken from reservoirs, wells and drinking water treatment plants in Taiwan for measurement of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) concentrations. Due to low concentration of PCDD/Fs, water samples (400-1000 L) were collected by using the on-site large volume pre-concentration system and analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography (HRGC)/high resolution mass spectrometer (HRMS). Different characteristics of dioxin profiles in surface water and groundwater are observed. The PCDD/F concentrations in fresh water samples varied from 0.001 to 0.265 pg WHO₉₈-TEQ/L which are lower than the standard (12 pg WHO₉₈-TEQ/L) set by the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA) for drinking water. Only a small fraction (<5%) of the total PCDD/F concentration in fresh water samples was water-soluble. As a result of their hydrophobicity, PCDD/Fs are effectively removed along with suspended solid via the water treatment process (average 98% removal efficiency).