小浪底水库水沙调控影响下的黄河POC输送特征研究

于2011年11月—2012年10月在黄河小浪底站和花园口站进行连续采样观测并结合同期水文资料,研究了在小浪底水库水沙调控影响下黄河颗粒有机碳(POC)的输送规律.结果表明,在小浪底水库正常调度期间,小浪底站和花园口站POC含量分别为0.37~0.65 mg·L-1和1.88~6.47 mg·L-1,小浪底站POC含量明显低于同期的花园口站.在小浪底水库调水调沙期间,小浪底站和花园口站的POC含量分别为0.43~693.75 mg·L-1和6.97~210.65 mg·L-1,在水库泄水阶段小浪底站POC含量明显低于花园口站,而在水库排沙阶段小浪底站POC含量又明显高于花园口站.小浪底站和花园口站全年POC输送量分别为53.2万t和49.2万t,其中,7—8月POC输送量最多,小浪底站7—8月POC输送量占全年POC输送量的97.5%,花园口站7—8月POC输送量占全年POC输送量的78.2%.小浪底水库"水沙调控"对黄河POC输送的影响明显不同于其他河流上的水库,它不仅拦蓄上游输送的POC,而在特定时间又将拦蓄水库中的POC大量排出水库.     

The Impact of Dynamic Environmental Flow Releases on Hydropower Production in the Zambezi River Basin

Incorporation of environmental flow releases from reservoirs has proven to be challenging due to fear of losses to existing water uses. Moreover environmental flow requirements (EFR) have not often been operationalized. This study compares the possibility of implementing dynamic EFR based on natural flows lagged against an upstream unregulated gauging point with static EFR. It simulates different scenarios with a high flow release in the wet season and analyses its impacts on hydropower production. This method accounts fully for the natural variability of environmental flows, implying less pressure on existing water uses during relatively dry years. Joint operation of two cascading dams vs. individual operation for EFR was also explored. These approaches were tested for the Zambezi River basin in Southern Africa using a water resources model, WAFLEX. Historic data on reservoir water levels, releases and power generation of the hydropower schemes were synthesized. Combining these yielded a validated series of monthly flow data for a 28 year period (1982‐2010). The results show that Kariba and Cahora Bassa reservoirs face a reduction in power produced when they would annually release an environmental flow. However, the dynamic EFR method entails smaller hydropower losses. Joint environmental flow operations will reduce overall basin power production more than if Cahora Bassa alone would release an environmental flow. However, such joint operation would be more beneficial to the ecosystem.     

高山镇赤泥尾矿库溃坝风险评价研究

为研究河南高山镇赤泥尾矿库溃坝风险评价问题,首先分析了高山镇赤泥尾矿库特征和现阶段运行情况以及可能存在的溃坝风险因素,并确认该尾矿库是重大危险源;然后对汛期溃坝事故进行了故障树分析,在此基础上,建立了高山镇赤泥尾矿库溃坝风险评价指标体系,并采用层次分析法确定了各个评价指标的权重,运用多层模糊模式识别理论综合评价了高山镇赤泥尾矿库的溃坝风险等级。研究结果表明:赤泥尾矿库属于Ⅱ等库,存在轻微病害,基本具备安全运行条件,但应加强库区和坝体的日常管理和维护;汛期应采取有效的排洪措施及时降低赤泥库水位;建立了高山镇赤泥尾矿库环境应急管理体系,对尾矿库的风险预测和预防以及突发事故的应急行动有很强的指导作用,也可以结合GIS进行更高效的风险管理。     

中庭式建筑内回廊排烟方法有效性的研究

中庭式建筑各楼层均通过中庭相连,因此给建筑物内机械排烟设计造成了困难.近年来一些学者提出了回廊排烟的概念,但并没有进行深入的研究.本文采用二维线性羽流模型对回廊排烟过程进行了描述,从理论上分析了采用回廊排烟控制建筑内烟气蔓延的效果.并采用FDS对一实际中庭式建筑采用回廊排烟的效果进行了模拟,对理论分析进行了验证.还对回廊内蓄烟池的深度进行了讨论,提出将回廊蓄烟池深度设为1 m左右是比较合适的.     

长江河口水库沉积物磷形态、吸附和释放特性

为了对长江河口青草沙水库沉积物磷形态分布、磷吸附特性和磷释放特性进行分析,2011年4月~2012年1月对沉积物进行实地调查分析.磷形态分析结果表明沉积物总磷含量范围为535.07~910.9 mg·kg-1,以无机磷为主,有机磷含量相对较低.无机磷主要以钙结合态的磷存在,钙结合态磷占总磷的75.57%.磷吸附特性结果表明沉积物磷的等温吸附特征符合修正的Langmuir模型,沉积物磷的最大吸附量为9.78~39.84 mg·kg-1,沉积物-水界面平衡浓度EPC0(equilibrium phosphorus concentration)范围为0.024~0.12 mg·L-1,均高于上覆水体中相应的磷含量,因此,沉积物有向上覆水体释放磷的趋势.磷的释放特性结果表明沉积物最大释放量为11.03 mg·kg-1,在6 h左右达到最大值.沉积物磷释放量来自沉积物的铁/锰结合态的磷、钙结合态磷和有机磷,其中,铁/锰结合态磷和沉积物释放量呈相关性(P0.01).总体上,青草沙水库沉积物呈现释放状态,影响水库水体磷含量.     

水库生态调度模型及算法研究

随着我国大规模流域开发，大量水库建设对河流生态系统造成了较大影响，如何通过水库合理调度来减轻水库对河流生态环境的负面影响，是当前水库运行调度研究中的一个热点问题。针对现行水库调度过分强调经济利益而忽视生态环境需水状况，致使部分大坝下游和库区发生生态环境退化的现象，从自然资源可持续发展的角度，探讨了水库生态调度的概念和任务，建立了水库生态调度多目标数学模型。该模型以经济效益、社会效益和生态环境效益组成的综合利用效益最大为目标函数，以综合利用要求为约束条件，包括灌溉、发电、航运、旅游、河口压咸和应急用水等。该模型为具有复杂约束条件的多目标规划模型。创建了可行搜索离散微分动态规划算法(FS DDDP算法)对该模型进行了求解。〖     

水库溃坝应急仿真关键技术综述

鉴于水库行业的特殊性,开展水库溃坝应急仿真技术研究,对于辅助研究水库应急过程、推进水库应急预案制度、提升水库应急管理至关重要.本文依据行业发展需求,参照建模与仿真理论,总结出溃坝应急过程数学模型研究、溃坝下游居民撤离优化技术研究、溃坝应急预案基础信息数字化技术研究等三项技术是发展溃坝应急仿真技术的关键,并对水库溃坝应急仿真三项关键技术的研究内容、重点解决的技术问题、技术路线分别进行了设想.     

Shallow groundwater nitrogen responses to different land use managements in the riparian zone of Yuqiao Reservoir in North China

This field study investigated the nitrogen concentrations in the shallow groundwater from an ephemeral stream and four land uses:cropland,two-year restored (2yr) and five-years restored (5yr) woodlands,fishponds,and the nitrogen flux in the riparian zone of Yuqiao Reservoir.The groundwater nitrate-N concentrations in cropland were the highest among the four land uses.Total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and nitrate-N concentrations in the 2yr woodland were significantly (p<0.05) higher than in 5yr woodland.The lowest nitrogen concentrations were detected in fishponds.Nitrate-N was the main form in cropland and 2yr woodland,whereas both nitrate-N and diSSolved organic nitrogen (DON) were the main species in 5yr woodland and fishponds.But,ammonium-N was the main form in the ephemeral stream.During the rainy season,the groundwater flow wim dissolved nitrogen drains from upland into the reservoir along the hydraulic gradient.The woodland between the cropland and reservoir could act as a buffer to retain shallow groundwater nitrogen.The dominant form of ammonium-N in the groundwater TDN pool in ephemeral stream indicated that nitrogen from the village and orchard in upland flowed into the reservoir via subsurface flow.The fishpond Was not an important pollution source for nitrogen transfer via shallow groundwater.     

Inferring Hydrograph Components from Rainfall and Streamflow Records Using a Kriging Method-Based Linear Cascade Reservoir Model1

Cheng, Shin-jen, 2010. Inferring Hydrograph Components From Rainfall and Streamflow Records Using a Kriging Method-Based Linear Cascade Reservoir Model. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(6):1171–1191. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00484.x Abstract: This study investigates the characteristics of hydrograph components in a Taiwan watershed to determine their shapes based on observations. Hydrographs were modeled by a conceptual model of three linear cascade reservoirs. Mean rainfall was calculated using the block Kriging method. The optimal parameters for 42 events from 1966-2008 were calibrated using an optimal algorithm. Rationality of generated runoffs was well compared with a trusty model. Model efficacy was verified using seven averaged parameters with 25 other events. Hydrograph components were characterized based on 42 calibration results. The following conclusions were obtained: (1) except for multipeak storms, a correlation between base time of the surface runoff and soil antecedent moisture is a decreasing power relationship; (2) a correlation between time lag of the surface flow and soil antecedent moisture for single-peak storms is an increasing power relationship; (3) for single-peak events, times to peak of hydrograph components are an increasing power correlation corresponding to the peak time of rainfall; (4) the peak flows of hydrograph components are linearly proportional to that of total runoff, and the peak ratio for the surface runoff to total runoff is approximately 78 and 13% for subsurface runoff to total runoff; and (5) the relationships of total discharges have direct ratios between hydrograph components and observations of total runoffs, and a surface runoff is 60 and 32% for a subsurface runoff.     

乌江中上游新建水库水体甲基汞的时空分布

为了弄清新修建的水库是否造成水体甲基汞浓度升高,以贵州省乌江流域2座新建水库洪家渡水库和索风营水库为研究对象,采用蒸馏 乙基化结合（GC CVAFS）法测定了不同季节水库水体中甲基汞的浓度,最低检出限为 0.009 ng/L。探讨了水质参数对甲基汞分布的影响以及水库水体甲基汞的分布特征。结果显示:洪家渡水库总甲基汞浓度夏季平均值为 0.11 ng/L,秋季平均值为 0.08 ng/L,冬季平均值为 0.10 ng/L;索风营水库总甲基汞浓度夏季平均值为 0.11 ng/L,秋季平均值为 0.07 ng/L,冬季平均值为 0.09 ng/L。数据表明2座水库水体甲基汞含量均较低,低于目前我国环境质量标准规定的一类地表水汞含量标准限值,与世界上其他未受污染的水体基本相当。水库水体甲基汞浓度随水体深度的增加没有明显的变化规律,且夏季略高于冬季、秋季,这与夏季降雨量和温度有关,在入库处与大坝前没有明显的变化趋势。这与水库中被淹没土壤有机质含量偏低且流域内基岩为碳酸盐有关,还与其他环境因素有关(如pH值较高,DOC含量偏低等)。通过研究发现目前库区环境汞的甲基化率低,但随着水库生态系统的不断演化,内源和外源营养物的输入及水体在温度分层其间自身甲基汞的形成,导致水体甲基汞含量的逐渐增加,但仍需进一步的研究证实。