Comparing Environmental Conditions Using Indicators of Pollution Hazard

/ Land use/land cover classifications for 1973 and 1991, derived from the interpretation of satellite imagery, are quantified on the basis of biophysical land units in a study area in southeastern Australia. Nutrient export potentials are estimated for each land unit based on their composition of land use/land cover classes. Spatial and temporal comparisons are made of the land units based on the calculated pollution hazard indicators to provide an insight into changes in the state of the environment and the regional significance of land use changes. For example, one ecosystem, unique to the study, showed a large increase in pollution hazard over the study period as a manifestation of an 11-fold rise in cleared area and an expansion of cropping activities. The benefits to environmental management in general are discussed.KEY WORDS: Land cover change; Nutrient export; Environmental condition; Pollution hazard; Agricultural pollution; Nonpoint source pollution; Diffuse pollution; Environmental degradation     

湖北旅游资源特征与分区

本文在分析湖北省旅游资源的赋存状况和特征基础上，提出了湖北旅游的分区方案，包括鄂东综合旅游，鄂中名胜古迹，鄂西北山岳风光和鄂西南峡谷溶洞与民俗风情４大旅游区，旨在为湖北区域旅游开发与产业布局提供理论依据。     

常熟市持续农业和农村发展研究

根据联合国粮农组织（ＦＡＯ）提出的３个战略目标，本文阐述了常熟市农业和农村可持续发展的作法和体会，以及克服制约当地持续农业和农村发展的主导因素所采取的措施和取得的成效。     

MODELING THE BUILDUP AND WASHOFF OF POLLUTANTS ON URBAN WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: A model for urban stormwater quality was developed in this study. The basis for the model is the process by which pollutants build up on the watershed surface. For the wet climate of the study site, it was assumed that there exists an interval of time over which the pollutant buildup equals the pollutant washoff (no accumulation of pollutant). The buildup model was represented by a linear function of the antecedent dry time. The buildup function was then linked with a pollutant washoff model represented by a power function of the storm runoff volume. Various time intervals for no net accumulation were tested to calibrate the model. The model was calibrated to observed data for two small urban basins in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and model results were used to analyze the behavior of phosphorus concentrations in storm runoff from these basins over a long period of time.     

PESTICIDES AND PESTICIDE DEGRADATION PRODUCTS IN STORMWATER RUNOFF: SACRAMENTO RWER BASIN,CALIFORNIA1

ABSTRACT: Pesticides in stormwater runoff, within the Sacramento River Basin, California, were assessed during a storm that occurred in January 1994. Two organophosphate insecticides (diazinon and methidathion), two carbamate pesticides (molinate and carbofuran), and one triazine herbicide (simazine) were detected. Organophosphate pesticide concentrations increased with the rising stage of the hydrographs; peak concentrations were measured near peak discharge. Diazinon oxon, a toxic degradation product of diazinon, made up approximately 1 to 3 percent of the diazinon load. The Feather River was the principal source of organophosphate pesticides to the Sacramento River during this storm. The concentrations of molinate and carbofuran, pesticides applied to rice fields during May and June, were relatively constant during and after the storm. Their presence in surface water was attributed to the flooding and subsequent drainage, as a management practice to degrade rice stubble prior to the next planting. A photo-degradation product of molinate, 4-keto molinate, was in all samples where molinate was detected and made up approximately 50 percent of the total molinate load. Simazine, a herbicide used in orchards and to control weeds along the roadways, was detected in the storm runoff, but it was not possible to differentiate the two sources of that pesticide to the Sacramento River.     

减轻旱灾,谋求旱区可持续发展的综合途径与措施

运用旱区环境社会学的观点和方法，从旱灾、旱区环境与人类行为交互作用的角度分析旱灾，提出减轻旱灾、谋求旱区可持续发展的综合途径、措施与对策。对策的重点是非技术措施与方法，如调适人类开发利用生态资源的观念、方法及群体行为，改善旱区的社会格局、加强旱区人类行为评估和移民管理等。同时提出减轻旱灾，必须强化旱灾的社会学研究。     

我国表面处理产业现状及集群化发展对策研究

本文介绍了我国表面处理业发展现状、特点及普遍存在的问题，探讨了以专业园区（表面处理工业园）的形式实施表面处理行业集群化发展的必要性和措施，提出将涉及表面处理工艺的企业纳入园区统一管理，对规范表面处理行业的几个基本要素，即运营模式、收费模式等进行了分析。     

我国东亚飞蝗发生的气候背景及长期预测

我国东亚飞蝗的发生发展与大气环流的变化密切相关。对1952—1999年我国东亚飞蝗的发生面积与大气环流的74项特征指标值进行了相关研究。结果表明，上一年9月到当年4月大西洋副高面积、强度、脊线位置、北界，上一年9月、10月西藏高原指数，当年1月、2月、5月亚洲区极涡面积。北半球1月极涡面积，亚洲3月纬向环流指数以及亚洲5月经向环流指数与我国蝗虫发生面积相关明显。其中大西洋副热带高压对我国东亚飞蝗发生的影响主要是通过影响秋冬季节蝗卵的孵化和越冬期间的地面温度，从而影响蝗卵基数和孵化为成虫的数量，进而影响着我国东亚飞蝗发生、发展和危害情况的变化。通过上述对蝗虫发生有明显影响的大气环流特征值进行回归分析，结果表明。上年9月和当年4月大西洋副高脊线、3月大西洋副高北界、上年9月西藏高原指数、5月亚洲区极涡面积和3月亚洲纬向环流指数与发生面积拟合较好，说明这些大气环流特征值的强弱是决定东亚飞蝗发生的关键因素。     

深圳地铁施工影响区环境安全与第三方监测

在讨论如何确保地铁施工影响区环境安全的基础上 ,给出了深圳地铁土建施工第三方监测的概念 ,详细阐述了第三方监测的目的、作用、管理体系、实施内容和工作程序 ,论述了第三方监测与业主、承包商、监理之间的关系。深圳地铁建设的实践表明 ,第三方监测是业主确保地铁施工影响区环境安全的有效管理模式 ,在地铁建设中极有推广价值。     

青藏高原与东南沿海区域联合发展旅游的构想

由于历史条件和地理位置差异等原因,导致我国东西部区域间发展出现明显的差距,而经济发达的东部地区与资源丰富的西部地区要各抒所长、互助互补、共同发展才能达到双赢的目标.文章就青藏高原与东南沿海地区实现跨区域联合发展的背景、影响因素、对策与措施进行了探讨.