崇明岛风景旅游区空气负离子监测评价方案研究

崇明岛作为上海市的未来生态岛屿,至今尚未开展过系统的空气负离子研究。依据该县相关规划,结合区域植被、地貌、人为影响等因素,在东滩国家级自然保护区、东平国家森林公园、前卫村、明珠湖和西沙湿地5个监测区域共选定了18个空气质量监测点进行研究。按崇明风景旅游区的具体情况,对国内外7种空气负离子监测评价方法进行了比较,最终确定选用安培空气质量评价系数、森林空气离子评价系数、空气负离子系数评价法、轻重离子比评价法来对该岛的空气质量进行评价。最后还对相关负离子监测仪器进行了分析及建议。     

强烈风化条件下玄武岩发育土壤的元素地球化学特征

海南岛地处热带,晚第三纪以来喷发的玄武岩上广泛发育铁铝土。土壤剖面的常量元素、微量元素、化学风化指标及元素迁移率的研究表明:(1)土壤Al2O3、Fe2O3、SiO2和TiO2元素富集,水溶型元素强烈淋失,高CIA值和低ba值均显示其经历强烈的化学风化作用;(2)元素含量和元素迁移率的计算结果显示,温带难迁移的Ti、Zr、Hf和Nb等元素在高温多雨的热带环境下也会发生强烈的淋失,究其原因主要受湿热环境下高有机质含量和强酸性条件影响;(3)Fe、Al、Cu和Ni等元素的迁移则反映了基岩发育土壤自下而上的风化渐进特征;(4)表层土壤K、Na和Sr元素的强烈富集则与大气沉降有关。     

Efficient thinning regimes for Eucalyptus fastigata: Multi-objective stand-level optimisation using the island model genetic algorithm

A stand-level optimisation problem formulated to determine a set of efficient thinning regimes satisfying two objectives, i.e. value production for sawlog harvesting and volume production for a pulpwood market, was demonstrated for a Eucalyptus fastigata trial in Kaingaroa Forest, New Zealand. Genetic algorithms were used to estimate the set of efficient thinning regimes (i.e. regimes that occur when it is not possible to increase the achievement of one objective without reducing another) known as a Pareto frontier. Each thinning regime specified a unique combination of initial planting density; frequency, timing and intensity of thinning; final crop number; and rotation length. Specifications for the “best” regime in the Pareto set (i.e. the one that satisfied a balanced trade-off between value and volume production) were similar to those recommended through professional judgment based on pooled long-term field observations from different eucalypt species grown throughout New Zealand. The advantage of Pareto optimality was the ability of not only identifying a unique thinning regime, but equally efficient regimes each providing a different combination of value and volume production. Research on this approach has the potential of being applied to other forest sites, providing there is sufficient re-measurement data to reflect stand growth dynamics.     

旅游区旅游环境容量研究

选择典型的海岛型旅游区——蜈支洲岛旅游区为研究对象,通过分析旅游容量体系,定量研究了该景区的旅游环境容量。研究结果表明,该旅游区的生态环境容量、功能设施容量、空间环境容量和社会环境容量分别为10 400、7 200、8 910和17 000人次/日。功能设施容量和空间环境容量成为制约景区接待规模的限制因子。提出新建和改建基础服务设施、建立淡旺季两套管理措施、新建景点和扩建游步道等措施,来提高蜈支洲岛景区的整体环境容量并缓解旅游旺季带来的环境容量超载问题。     

上海市崇明岛公路两侧土壤重金属污染研究

采集了上海市崇明岛陈海、北沿公路两侧土壤和灰尘样品270余个,测定了样品的Pb、Cd、Cu、 Zn和Cr重金属含量。结果表明,陈海和北沿公路两侧土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、 Zn和Cr的平均含量达到277、0279、258、918和776 mg/kg,土壤Cd污染较严重。采集的路面灰尘样品Pb、Cd、Cu、 Zn和Cr的平均含量达到512、049、489、209和970 mg/kg,超过土壤背景值2~4倍,是土壤重金属的主要二次污染源。公路防护林体系较差的北沿公路路侧土壤纵向剖面（垂直于公路走向）重金属含量随距路肩距离增加呈指数下降,土壤重金属重污染区在距路肩15 m范围内。防护林体系较完善的陈海公路距路肩15 m范围内土壤重金属污染较小,土壤重金属重污染区出现在距路肩20~50 m范围内。     

永兴岛大气CH4浓度变化特征及影响因子研究

依托国家海洋局三沙海洋环境监测中心站,基于激光大气温室气体分析仪（GLA331-GGA）,搭建了一套全自动、连续、高精度观测大气CH₄的观测系统.通过气团后向轨迹输送特征,结合数值统计方法（局部近似回归法）,对西沙永兴岛区域2013年12月~2017年11月期间的观测数据进行了数据筛分和分析.结果显示：西沙海域大气CH₄季节变化与北半球大气本底变化状况类似,冬季高、夏季低,年平均增长率约为11.9×10^-9,年平均季节振幅为81.1×10^-9;其日变化呈现中午低、凌晨高的单周期正弦变化特征;该区域风场数据和气团后向轨迹分析表明：季风是影响该区域CH₄浓度变化的最主要因素.     

Road effects on abundance and fitness of Galápagos lava lizards (Microlophus albemarlensis)

Vehicle collisions with wildlife have the potential to negatively impact species everywhere roads divide natural habitats; this is especially true in areas where roads are a recent addition to the landscape (e.g., in the last decade) and/or where expansion of a road network is underway. This study addresses the impact of traffic fatalities on lava lizards, Microlophus albemarlensis, on the island of Santa Cruz, Galápagos. The main road bisecting the island north to south was added to the island beginning in 1974 but not fully paved until 2000. We assessed impacts occurring due to traffic and vehicle speeds on the island. This study adds impacts to lizard populations to those conducted on birds on Santa Cruz, providing a means to create multi-species recommendations. To quantify impacts to lizard populations, we assessed lizards on randomly chosen transects perpendicular to the road. We used Poisson regression to analyze those data and found a 30% increase in lizard abundance per 100 m distance from the road across vegetation zones. We compared incidence of prior tail loss of road-killed lizards and live animals to comment on additional energetic costs of occupying near-road territories. Tail condition could not be assessed in some road-killed lizards; among those that we could assess, 29% showed evidence of prior tail loss. That rate declined to apparent baseline conditions of only 1% beyond 200 m from the road. By traveling the length of the 40-km road, we identified hot spots for fatalities of both lizards and birds to provide necessary information for developing management and remediation strategies. We offer guidance on Best Management Practices, such as testing overpasses, fencing and underpasses, which might reduce vehicle impacts to lizards from drivers on the current road. This information is essential because of a planned increase in the Santa Cruz road network in areas where lava lizards are most abundant.     

基于遥感技术的近30 a海南岛海岸线时空变化

了解海岸线变化对海岸资源的开发与保护有着重要的意义。论文基于遥感技术与GIS技术,提取了海南岛1980、1990、2000、2010年4个时期的海岸线,并对其30 a来的时空变化特征进行了系统分析。结果表明:海南岛海岸线变化主要受人为因素的影响,近30 a来其长度增加了55.4 km;海岸线时空变化显著,变化比较剧烈的岸段多分布在地势较为平缓的南部地区,以养殖开发、工业用地、城镇与港口建设用地为主。研究认为,海南岛海岸线的变化,将有可能导致诸如岸线侵蚀等环境问题,应注意合理开发,利用海岸线资源。     

西沙永兴岛环境质量状况及管理对策

2002年8月对西沙永兴岛的近岸水质、空气环境、声环境和珊瑚礁生态等进行了调查与监测。结果表明,永兴岛目前环境质量良好,珊瑚物种丰富,覆盖率较高;但是同时也发现了该岛存在三大环境问题:珊瑚存在较明显的退化趋势,岛上垃圾无序堆放,以及生活污水随意排放;最后针对这三大问题提出了相应的管理对策。     

海岸带国土空间开发适宜性评价及功能空间配置——以海南岛为例

海岸带国土空间开发适宜性评价及功能空间布局优化是推进陆海统筹战略目标的科学基础。以海南岛为例,基于环境损益分析思想构建海岸带“潜力—限制”评价指标体系,综合运用多要素乘积及空间叠置等方法,对海南岛海岸带地区的国土空间开发建设适宜性进行集成评价,并依据功能空间判别条件识别“港—工—城”区、滨海旅游区、农林牧渔区以及自然保护区四类海岸带功能空间。研究表明：海南岛海岸带国土空间开发适宜区总体呈现“西岸多,东岸少”的空间分布格局,适宜、基本适宜、基本不适宜、不适宜建设区面积依次为1785.32 km²、1724.57 km²、812.86 km²、4051.67 km²,适宜区与不适宜区重叠交错,给海岸带国土空间开发带来巨大压力。海岸带地区四类功能空间面积依次为1813.39 km²、2138.26 km²、1831.62 km²和2591.15 km²,分别占海岸带面积的21.65%、25.53%、21.87%和30.94%,海岸带的功能空间呈现“一环”“两极”和“多点”的空间格局。依据归纳出的三类典型功能空间冲突,对功能空间进行了调整优化,增强了各类功能空间的集聚性和连通性,但仍存在海域与陆域的相同功能空间不连片,海陆经济联系不够通畅,相互支撑不足等问题,国土空间开发还存在较多的陆海矛盾和冲突。研究结果指明了各类适宜性等级区域的开发或保护模式,丰富了适宜性的应用条件,也是对国土空间开发适宜性评价的适当拔高。