草海湿地生态系统健康评价

贵州省威宁草海是贵州最大的天然高原淡水湖泊,同时也是我国亚热带高原湿地生态系统的典型代表,成为中国西南地区迁徙水禽的重要越冬地和停歇地。但草海湿地生态系统由于人类活动加剧引起的其功能作用会削弱、生物多样性会降低、水体富营养化等生态环境问题多方面的影响导致其表现出明显的生态脆弱性,尤其是在其生态系统的生态环境方面表现尤为突出。如果草海受到多方面的影响不及时加以制止和消除,将直接威胁着草海湿地生态系统的稳定。本文首先从湿地的生态特征、功能和社会经济环境三个方面的30个主要影响草海生态健康的因子进行分析,并对每个因子的健康状况进行调查、分析说明。其次,利用模糊综合评价模型中的层次分析法对草海生态健康影响的30个主要因子进行了整合分析,并对草海现在的健康状况应用平均加权原则进行了评估。最后,针对草海目前的健康状况,对草海今后的防治提出了相关建议。     

洱海弥苴河河口沉积物磷吸附特性研究

以洱海主要入湖河流弥苴河的河口表层沉积物为实验对象,研究其磷吸附特性。研究结果表明,Elovich方程对沉积物吸磷动力学拟合较好,考虑沉积物原有吸附态磷的修正Langmuir方程能较好描述弥苴河河口表层沉积物等温吸附特性。弥苴河河口沉积物存在释磷风险,沉积物间隙水正磷浓度远高于临界磷平衡浓度。     

江湖关系变化对鄱阳湖沉积物重金属分布及生态风险影响

选取不同水情下鄱阳湖表层沉积物,研究江湖关系变化对其重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr和Cd的分布及生态风险影响,结果表明:①鄱阳湖沉积物受不同程度重金属污染,入湖河流颗粒物输入是鄱阳湖沉积物重金属的主要来源,其中Cu和Pb是主要污染因子.各重金属污染程度排列次序为:Cu>Pb>Zn>Cr>Cd,丰水期沉积物各重金属含量的变化范围为Cu 13.1~108.1 mg·kg-1、Pb 37~119.1 mg·kg-1、Zn 29.9~129.9 mg·kg-1、Cr 13.3~98.6 mg·kg-1和Cd 0.19~2.77 mg·kg-1;枯水期为Cu 3.05~69.7 mg·kg-1、Pb 27.5~105 mg·kg-1、Zn 18.8~95.4 mg·kg-1、Cr 7.34~70 mg·kg-1与Cd 0.033~0.406mg·kg-1;高值区域集中在"五河"尾闾水域和鄱阳湖入长江的湖口水域.②丰水期鄱阳湖沉积物重金属高风险区主要集中在五河尾闾区;枯水期,沉积物重金属高风险区面积扩大,不仅局限于五河尾闾区,且向北部进一步扩散,湖口区域的风险较大,但全湖生态风险总体上丰水期大于枯水期.③随着鄱阳湖与长江江湖关系进一步发生变化,丰水期水位抬高且维系时间缩短、枯水期提前、湖泊由"湖相"至"河相"的转变进程加快、河流特性增强,将导致全湖沉积物重金属生态风险相应降低,但高风险区域的范围进一步向北扩大.     

千岛湖库区及其主要入库河流水中有机氯农药残留污染特征及健康风险评价

利用气相色谱法对采集于2011年7月和2011年11月的千岛湖(新安江水库)库区及其主要入库河流表层水中10种有机氯农药(OCPs)残留进行了分析,初步明确千岛湖水体中HCHs与DDTs的组成特征及来源,并对其健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,千岛湖水体中检出8种微量的OCPs,检出频率最高的是p,p’-DDT、α-HCH和p,p’-DDE.12个采样点均有不同浓度检出,库区ΣOCPs的浓度范围在1.9~7.6 ng·L-1,属低污染水平,3条主要入库河流ΣOCPs的浓度范围则是1.2~212ng·L-1.千岛湖水体中OCPs污染空间分布各异,主干流新安江为千岛湖OCPs污染的主要输入源;时间上丰水期大于枯水期,显示为面源污染特征.通过特征组分比例可确认HCHs污染主要是长距离传输或工业HCHs的降解,而DDTs则有新源输入.利用EPA推荐方法对通过饮水和皮肤接触途径摄入千岛湖水体中OCPs的健康风险进行评价:致癌健康风险指数在0.06×10-7~23.2×10-7,均位于EPA推荐的可接受风险范围内;非致癌健康风险指数介于3.43×10-5~6.01×10-3,根据评价标准均未超标.结果表明千岛湖水体中OCPs对人体产生的致癌、非致癌健康危害可忽略.     

太湖东部不同类型湖区疏浚后沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

为揭示太湖东部疏浚湖区沉积物中重金属分布特征及其潜在生态风险,于2012年在东太湖与胥口湾共设置5个点位采集沉积物样品,测试了底泥部分理化性质及重金属元素含量(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn),并运用潜在生态风险指数法综合评价了疏浚湖区沉积物的重金属污染现状和潜在风险程度.结果表明,太湖东部不同类型湖区间沉积物的营养盐及重金属含量分布存在差异,总体上胥口湾草型湖区的重金属含量相对东太湖养殖湖区较高,营养盐含量则相对较低;在垂直剖面上,沉积物营养盐和重金属均表现出表层富集的特征.太湖东部湖区各疏浚点位的营养盐和重金属含量均低于未疏浚点位,表明底泥生态疏浚能有效去除沉积物中的营养物质和重金属污染物,但疏浚效果随时间逐渐减弱.各重金属元素及营养盐之间均呈显著正相关关系,表明这些污染物具有较好的同源性.潜在生态风险指数RI的评价结果表明,各点位沉积物的重金属潜在危害程度依次为X1>D1>D3>X2>D2,其中未疏浚点位胥口湾X1的潜在生态风险高于东太湖D1,且X1、D1均属于中等生态风险,而疏浚点位D2、D3、X2属于轻微生态风险,底泥疏浚有效降低了沉积物中的重金属潜在生态风险.     

瓦埠湖流域庄墓镇农田土壤氮磷分布及流失风险评估

为揭示瓦埠湖流域庄墓镇农田土壤氮磷含量、分布及其流失风险状况,在该镇下辖的10个行政村,采集农田表层土壤样162份.在对不同形态氮、磷含量分析测试的基础上,采用氮磷指数法量化土壤氮磷流失风险,并以基于ArcGIS的Kriging插值技术,对全氮全磷含量、生物有效性氮磷含量及氮磷指数值进行空间插值模拟.结果表明,该镇土壤全氮含量平均值为1.67 g·kg-1,全磷为0.71 g·kg-1;生物有效性氮磷含量平均值分别为0.26 g·kg-1和0.33 g·kg-1,分别占全氮全磷含量的14.93%和47.30%.全氮含量较高的采样点主要散布在侯集村、杨湾村、刘浅村;全磷含量较高的采样点主要集中在侯集村、杨湾村、枣林村.整个庄墓镇土壤氮、磷指数平均值分别为2.11和2.13.10个行政村氮、磷总指数大小排序为:杨湾村>庄墓村>薛桥村>刘浅村>李庄村>金桥村>枣林村>张圩村>侯集村>徐岗村.总体上,庄墓镇土壤氮流失以中、低风险为主,高风险区仅零星出现在杨湾村局部地方;磷流失风险也以低风险为主,中等以上风险也主要集中在杨湾村.     

滇池表层沉积物对磷的吸附特征

在室内模拟条件下,从滇池表层沉积物对磷的吸附动力学与热力学两个角度出发,研究了滇池沉积物对磷的吸附特征,同时探讨了不同磷形态对磷吸附特性的影响,结果表明:1滇池不同形态磷含量顺序为:有机磷钙(O-P)钙结合态磷(Ca-P)金属氧化物结合态磷(Al-P)残渣态磷(Res-P)可还原态磷(Fe-P)弱吸附态磷(NH4Cl-P);2沉积物对磷的吸附动力学过程分为2个阶段,即快吸附和慢吸附阶段.快吸附阶段主要发生在0~0.5 h内,而慢吸附阶段主要发生在0.5~4 h.滇池沉积物对磷的吸附过程主要在4 h内完成.3外海北部上覆水磷酸盐(SRP)浓度低于沉积物中磷的吸附/解吸平衡浓度(EPC0),可初步判断该区域沉积物有向上覆水体释放磷的风险.4不同区域沉积物磷的最大吸附量(Qmax)和总最大吸附量(TQmax)均以外海南部最大.5沉积物本底吸附态磷含量(NAP)与钙结合态磷(Ca-P)呈显著正相关关系(R2=0.5139,p0.05),而其他吸附特征参数与磷形态之间相关性均不显著.6与洱海、太湖等湖泊相比,滇池沉积物磷的本底吸附态磷(NAP)和最大吸附量(Qmax)均处于较高水平,磷污染较为严重.     

Identifying the Institutional Decision Process to Introduce Decentralized Sanitation in the City of Kunming (China)

We conducted a study of the institutional barriers to introducing urine source separation in the urban area of Kunming, China. On the basis of a stakeholder analysis, we constructed stakeholder diagrams showing the relative importance of decision-making power and (positive) interest in the topic. A hypothetical decision-making process for the urban case was derived based on a successful pilot project in a periurban area. All our results were evaluated by the stakeholders. We concluded that although a number of primary stakeholders have a large interest in testing urine source separation also in an urban context, most of the key stakeholders would be reluctant to this idea. However, the success in the periurban area showed that even a single, well-received pilot project can trigger the process of broad dissemination of new technologies. Whereas the institutional setting for such a pilot project is favorable in Kunming, a major challenge will be to adapt the technology to the demands of an urban population. Methodologically, we developed an approach to corroborate a stakeholder analysis with the perception of the stakeholders themselves. This is important not only in order to validate the analysis but also to bridge the theoretical gap between stakeholder analysis and stakeholder involvement. We also show that in disagreement with the assumption of most policy theories, local stakeholders consider informal decision pathways to be of great importance in actual policy-making.     

Stakeholder Perceptions of Scientists: Lake Tahoe Environmental Policy from 1984 to 2001

What factors explain stakeholders’ perceptions of scientists in environmental politics? Questionnaire data are used to examine stakeholders’ views of scientific experts in the context of Lake Tahoe environmental policy from 1984 to 2001. Stakeholders’ perceptions of scientists have remained the same over time – despite a shift from adversarial to collaborative policymaking and after decades of mounting scientific evidence showing water quality declines. On average, stakeholders perceive scientists with limited influence on Lake Tahoe environmental policy and view them with mixed levels of skepticism. Stakeholders’ evaluation of scientists is best explained by their beliefs about development versus the environment. Stakeholders in favor of more land development express distrust of scientists and negatively evaluate university researchers and consultants. Stakeholders in favor of environmental protection are more likely to trust scientists and positively evaluate university researchers and consultants.     

Development of a Dynamic Aquatic Model (DynA Model): Estimating Temporal Emissions of DDT to Lake Maggiore (N. Italy)

- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.009 Background, Aims and Scope Most existing models used to describe the fate of chemicals in surface water and sediment generally consider a 'static scenario', in which a contaminant is discharged at a constant rate and environmental input parameters do not change during the simulation time. This approach is not suitable in environmental scenarios characterized by daily or periodic changes of several input parameters. The aim of this study is to estimate approximate emissions of DDT lo Lake Maggiore using a new surface water model, (DynA Model) that describes the fate of a chemical in a dynamic scenario. Methods The model is developed on the grounds of an existing and validated model (QWASI). A numerical solution was adopted to build the fully dynamic version of the model. Results and Discussion The model was applied to Lake Maggiore emitting DDT at a constant rate until steady-state was reached. Emissions were stopped and later sporadic 'pulse' emissions were added. This was done to calculate the amount of DDT needed to simulate concentrations close to those measured in water and sediments. This allowed the evaluation of the order of magnitude of emissions. An uncertainty analysis for sediment resuspension was also performed, given the lack of measured resuspension rates. Conclusion The model showed the time response of the Lake Maggiore system to varying emission scenarios and provided what are regarded as reasonable estimates of DDT emissions. The model demonstrated the importance of sediment-water exchange. Recommendation and Outlook In order to better calculate DDT concentrations the model should be run with different discharge scenarios to clarify the time trends of concentrations, possibly with the use of different sets of measured data (such as biota and sediment deposition/resuspension rates).