农业非点源污染对太湖水质的影响:发展态势与研究重点

太湖水污染的主要症结是水体中氮、磷不断富集导致的富营养化，而随着区内化肥用量的不断增加和集约化畜禽殖业的发展，流域内农业非点源营养物质的排放将保持持续上升的势头。要实现使太湖水变清的目的，必须把农业非点源营养物的排放控制在最低的水平，为了达到这一目标，今后应加强：（1）农业养分流失的定量化研究；（2）非点源污染物的转移转化特征研究；（3）农业非点源污染高风险区的识别；（4）农业非点源污染的控制与管理对策研究。     

城市绿地空气负离子浓度评价研究——以杭州西湖风景区为例

采用AIC1000型空气负离子浓度测试仪,对西湖综合保护工程实施范围内的不同绿地进行了空气负离子浓度测定,结果表明,不同绿地空气负离子浓度排序依次为：乔灌草型〉疏林草地型〉滨水绿地型〉硬质铺地型,且滨水绿地型样地与硬质铺地型差异较小。与此同时,西湖风景区的空气负离子浓度显著高于城市中心区。     

Spatial Variability of Nitrate Concentrations Under Diverse Conditions in Tributaries to a Lake Watershed1

Abstract: Nitrate‐nitrogen (NO₃‐N) concentrations in stream water often respond uniquely to changes in inter‐annual conditions (e.g., biological N uptake and precipitation) in individual catchments. In this paper, we assess (1) how the spatial distribution of NO₃‐N concentrations varies across a dense network of nonnested catchments and (2) how relationships between multiple landscape factors [within whole catchments and hydrologically sensitive areas (HSAs) of the catchments] and stream NO₃‐N are expressed under a variety of annual conditions. Stream NO₃‐N data were collected during two synoptic sampling events across >55 tributaries and two synoptic sampling periods with >11 tributaries during summer low flow periods. Sample tributaries drain mixed land cover watersheds ranging in size from 0.150 to 312 km² and outlet directly to Cayuga Lake, New York. Changes in NO₃‐N concentration ratios between each sampling event suggest a high degree of spatial heterogeneity in catchment response across the Cayuga Lake Watershed, ranging from 0.230 to 61.4. Variations in NO₃‐N concentrations within each of the large synoptic sampling events were also high, ranging from 0.040 to 8.7 mg NO₃‐N/l (March) and 0.090 to 15.5 mg NO₃‐N/l (October). Although Pearson correlation coefficients suggest that this variability is related to multiple landscape factors during all four sampling events, partial correlations suggest percentage of row crops in the catchments as the only similar factor in March and October and catchment area as the only factor during summer low flows. Further, the strength of the relationships is typically lower in the HSAs of catchment. Advancing current understanding of such variations and relationships to landscape factors across multiple catchments – and under a variety of biogeochemical and hydrological conditions – is important, as (1) nitrate continues to be employed as an indicator of regional aquatic ecosystem health and services and (2) a unified framework approach for understanding individual catchment processes is a rapidly evolving focus for catchment‐based science and management.     

Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in the Upper Blue Nile River Basin,Ethiopia1

Kim, Ungtae and Jagath J. Kaluarachchi, 2009. Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in the Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 45(6):1361‐1378. Abstract: Climate change affects water resources availability of international river basins that are vulnerable to runoff variability of upstream countries especially with increasing water demands. The upper Blue Nile River Basin is a good example because its downstream countries, Sudan and Egypt, depend solely on Nile waters for their economic development. In this study, the impacts of climate change on both hydrology and water resources operations were analyzed using the outcomes of six different general circulation models (GCMs) for the 2050s. The outcomes of these six GCMs were weighted to provide average future changes. Hydrologic sensitivity, flow statistics, a drought index, and water resources assessment indices (reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability) were used as quantitative indicators. The changes in outflows from the two proposed dams (Karadobi and Border) to downstream countries were also assessed. Given the uncertainty of different GCMs, the simulation results of the weighted scenario suggested mild increases in hydrologic variables (precipitation, temperature, potential evapotranspiration, and runoff) across the study area. The weighted scenario also showed that low‐flow statistics and the reliability of streamflows are increased and severe drought events are decreased mainly due to increased precipitation. Joint dam operation performed better than single dam operation in terms of both hydropower generation and mean annual storage without affecting the runoff volume to downstream countries, but enhancing flow characteristics and the robustness of streamflows. This study provides useful information to decision makers for the planning and management of future water resources of the study area and downstream countries.     

Sediment processes and mercury transport in a frozen freshwater fluvial lake (Lake St. Louis, QC, Canada)

An open-bottom and a closed-bottom mesocosm were developed to investigate the release of mercury from sediments to the water column in a frozen freshwater lake. The mesoscosms were deployed in a hole in the ice and particulate mercury (Hg_P) and total dissolved mercury (TDHg) were measured in sediments and in water column vertical profiles. In addition, dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) in water and mercury water/airflux were quantified. Concentrations of TDHg, DGM, and mercury flux were all higher in the open-bottom mesocosm than in the closed-bottom mesocosm. In this paper we focus on the molecular diffusion of mercury from the sediment in comparison with the TDHg accumulation in the water column. We conclude that the molecular diffusion and sediment resuspension play a minor role in mercury release from sediments suggesting that solute release during ebullition is an important transport process for mercury in the lake.     

太湖水质的时空分异特征及其与水华的关系

在大量调查数据的基础上,分析了太湖水质的时空分异特征,探讨了太湖不同湖区、不同季节水质差异的原因。研究结果显示：北部的入湖河口区、几个湖湾、湖心区、西南湖区、东部湖区水体的透明度、高锰酸盐指数、氮、磷、叶绿素等富营养化指标差异显著。入湖河口区的高锰酸盐指数和营养盐含量高于南部湖区数倍,也明显高于北部湖湾区,这反映出太湖西北部入湖河道污染对太湖影响显著。不同季节太湖水质指标也差异显著,冬春期(12～次年5月份)水体的氮含量高于夏秋季(6～11月份)近1倍。水质季节性的显著差异进一步说明了外源输入对太湖水质的影响。研究表明太湖水质的时空异质性既受太湖湖泊形态特征本身的影响,也更多受到外源污染的影响,解决太湖的蓝藻水华问题,首先要在太湖的外源污染控制方面取得突破.     

汉江上游金水河流域近50年气候变化特征及其对生态环境的影响

利用5年滑动平均距平分析、线性回归分析、相关分析及Autoregression 模型等统计分析方法,分析了近50年（1957~2004年）汉江上游金水河流域年度和春、夏、秋、冬4季气温和降水变化特征及其对流域生态环境的影响。结果显示：近50年来金水河流域气候变化呈现气温升高、降水量减少的暖干化趋势。年平均气温总体上升了111℃,同时在上世纪90年代到本世纪初,年平均气温增幅最大,达到06℃;季节变化中,冬季增温最显著（〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗<001）。年平均降水量总体下降了1196 mm,在1985~1997年间,降水量呈现显著波动下降趋势,最大降幅为3452 mm;而季节变化中,夏季下降最明显。在未来10年,流域内气温将持续增加,年平均气温将增加013℃,降水量将逐年减少,年平均降水量将减少78%。金水河流域过去近50年的气候变化对流域内的生态环境产生了较大的影响,从而加剧了流域生态系统的脆弱性,从一定程度上对南水北调中线工程的水资源安全构成了威胁。     

洞庭湖钉螺扩散与水情变化规律

洞庭湖区是目前我国钉螺分布范围最广且血吸虫病疫情最难防治的疫区。为揭示近年来洞庭湖区钉螺扩散与疫区水情变化的关系,从洪水对钉螺扩散及其孳生地环境淹没时间影响考虑,提出了表征疫区钉螺扩散及孳生地变化的水情指标,选用最能综合反映洪水年水情变化的汛期平均水位作为疫区水情变化的表征指标,并以洞庭湖为例定量分析了洞庭湖区钉螺扩散与以城陵矶站汛期平均水位为指示性指标的疫区水情的相关关系。其结果显示洞庭湖区钉螺面积与湖区汛期平均水位线性相关性显著,其相关关系式为y＝0.107 2x+14382(r=0822,p<005),其中y为洞庭湖区钉螺分布面积,x为城陵矶站汛期平均水位。     

基于实测光谱的叶绿素a估测模型

为了有效地监测太湖湖区的富营养化程度,建立一种最佳的估测模型。对太湖水体进行了连续监测,获得了从2004年10月20～29日的实测光谱数据和水质数据。通过实测光谱反射率和叶绿素a浓度的相关分析,得到了叶绿素a反演的最佳波段,并通过比值法、反射峰位置法、峰谷距离法、峰高法和一阶微分法建立了基于实测光谱的叶绿素a浓度的估测模型。通过14个检验点,分别对5种模型进行了对比分析,结果发现,通过比值法建立的估测模型总体误差最小,估测精度最高,其695 nm附近反射峰与677 nm反射谷的比值与叶绿素a浓度之间具有良好的相关性,可决系数R²可达0.7433,可以作为整个湖区叶绿素a浓度的最佳估测模型。最后,应用该模型对该季节湖区的营养化程度做出了总体评价。     

红枫湖地表水中多环芳烃的分布及来源

将固相微萃取与气相色谱联用,对贵阳红枫湖水样中16种美国环境保护署优控的多环芳烃进行分析。结果表明：红枫湖水中16种多环芳烃总量为0167 1~0336 4 μg/L,与国内其它水系相比,湖中存在多环芳烃轻度污染。7种（萘、荧蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘和苯并(ghi)苝）多环芳烃的总量未超出中国城市供水行业对多环芳烃规定的限值,但作为饮用水源,红枫湖水中的苯并(a)芘含量已超出我国标准GB3838-2002中生活饮用水地表水源地的苯并(a)芘限值,并且苯并(a)蒽、〖JX-*9〗〖SX（B-25x〗〖HT7,5”〗艹〖〗〖HT6”,5”〗屈〖HT5”〗〖SX）〗〖JX*9〗、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘的含量也超过了美国环境保护署地表水水质标准限值。通过多环芳烃特征参数的比值,分析了红枫湖水中多环芳烃的污染来源。污染源分析表明,湖中多环芳烃的主要来源为燃烧源,包括木材、煤以及化石燃料的燃烧,同时也有一部分多环芳烃是来源石油类物质的输入.