单一与复合胁迫下油菜对镉、铅的吸收效应

以干旱区绿洲灰漠土为供试土壤,油菜(Brassica campestris L.)为供试植物,通过盆栽试验研究了Cd/Pb单一和复合胁迫下其在油菜体内的吸收和富集特征,并解析了油菜条件下Cd、Pb的交互作用.结果表明,Cd/Pb单一和复合胁迫下油菜体内Cd、Pb的含量均随着其胁迫浓度的增大而增大,但复合胁迫下油菜对Cd、Pb的吸收互为拮抗作用(Cd最大胁迫浓度<7mg.kg-1,Pb最大胁迫浓度<1 500 mg.kg-1);Cd单一胁迫下油菜对其富集能力和其在油菜体内的迁移能力均随着其胁迫浓度的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,Pb单一胁迫下油菜对其富集能力和其在油菜体内的迁移能力则均随着其胁迫浓度的增加而持续减小;复合胁迫降低了油菜对Cd、Pb的富集能力和Pb在油菜体内的迁移能力,但提高了Cd在油菜体内的迁移能力;油菜对Cd的吸收能力和其在油菜体内的迁移能力均远远大于Pb;油菜对重金属Cd、Pb的吸收和迁移模式均符合二次方程.     

水稻磷盈亏对镉吸收转运的影响

磷（P）是作物生长的必需营养元素,Cd污染耕地中P盈亏对水稻Cd吸收转运的影响和效应还不清晰.通过水培试验施加不同水平的P（NaH₂PO₄）,研究Cd胁迫下,缺P(1.5～6.0 mg·L^-1,以P元素计,同下)和富P(12.0～48.0 mg·L^-1)对水稻Cd吸收、转运和累积的影响.结果表明：（1） Cd胁迫下,ρ（P）的增加(1.5～48.0 mg·L^-1),水稻生物量无明显变化,叶片光合色素（叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素）的含量先上升后下降,高浓度的P抑制光合色素的合成;（2）在缺P和富P条件下,随着P浓度的提高,水稻各部位Cd的含量增加,尤其是糙米中Cd含量分别显著增加132.1%和191.2%;（3）糙米的P/Cd比值在缺P和富P下呈现分段减少规律,同时糙米中Cd含量与P/Cd呈显著（P<0.01）负相关. Cd胁迫下,水稻缺P和富P时提高P浓度均会促进水稻根系对Cd的吸收与转运,提高Cd在地上部位的累积,增加稻米Cd超标的风险.     

Nonylphenol photodegradation by novel ternary MIL-100（Fe）/ZnFe2O4/PCN composite under visible light irradiation via double charge transfer process

Nonylphenol（NP） residues, as a typical endocrine disrupting chemical（EDC）, frequently exist in sewage, surface water, groundwater and even drinking water, which poses a serious threat to human health due to its bioaccumulation. In order to remove NP, a series of MIL-100（Fe）/Zn Fe₂O₄/flake-like porous carbon nitride（MIL/ZC） was synthesized through in-situ synthesis at room temperature. High performance of ternary MIL/ZC is used to degrade NP under visible light irradiation. ...     

Accumulation of heavy metals in soil and paddy crop (Oryza sativa), irrigated with water of Ramgarh Lake,Gorakhpur, UP,India

Heavy metals, a highly polluting group of constituents known to exert adverse effects, tend to accumulate in living organisms. The objective of this study was to determine the accumulation and translocation of heavy metals in soil and in paddy crop irrigated with lake water compared to soil and paddy crop irrigated with bore-well water. The quantities of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Mn, and Hg) were determined in different parts of rice plants (Oryza sativa). Results revealed that the mean levels of soil Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, As, Mn, and Hg in experimental soil and in different parts of rice plant (root, straw, and grain) were higher than the control except for Cu. The content of eight toxic metals was significantly higher in root than in aerial parts of the rice (straw and grains). Rice roots were enriched in Cd, As, Hg, and Pb from the soil, while Cr, Cu, Zn, and Mn were hardly taken by the roots. Bioaccumulation factor for Hg was significantly higher than other heavy metals. Metal transfer factors from soil to rice plants were significant for Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Mn, and Hg. The concentrations of metals in lake water were found to be within the permissible limit of Indian standard prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board (2000), except for Hg and As, which were higher than the limit of Indian standard. However, the concentrations of heavy metals in soil and rice grains were still below the maximal levels, as stipulated by Indian Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA, 1954) and World Health Organization (WHO, 1993) guidelines.     

磷与四价硒的共存对小白菜磷、硒吸收及转运的影响

采用土培盆栽试验和化学分析相结合的方法,研究了不同浓度磷酸盐与四价硒共存对小白菜生长、磷和硒吸收及转运的影响,旨在为安全有效地进行补硒和硒污染土壤的植物修复提供理论依据.结果表明,在供试硒浓度范围内(≤5.0 mg·kg-1),施磷均显著促进了小白菜的生长,表现为地上、地下部生物量的增大(p＜0.01).与单施磷相比,硒与磷共存能抑制小白菜根系生长,且抑制其对磷的吸收.磷对小白菜硒吸收的影响与硒、磷浓度有关,表现为促进作用和抑制作用并存,当硒浓度较高时(≥2.5 mg·kg-1),与无磷对照相比施磷可促进小白菜根系对硒的吸收;但高磷处理却导致小白菜地下部硒浓度较低磷处理显著下降.小白菜对磷酸盐的选择性吸收要强于亚硒酸盐,且高浓度磷能抑制硒由小白菜地下部向地上部的转运.故在进行补硒或硒污染土壤修复时,应特别注意合理施磷,以免过量施磷对作物硒吸收和转运的影响.     

硫酸盐对两种硒形态处理下小麦硒吸收和转运的影响

为了揭示硫酸盐处理下小麦对亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐的吸收与转运规律,通过溶液培养,研究了不同浓度硫硒交互下小麦各部位的硒含量变化.结果表明,与无硫处理相比,0.1 mmol·L-1硫使小麦对硒酸盐的吸收潜力(Vmax值)和亲和力(1/Km值)分别降低了25.7%和90.8%,硫酸盐主要是通过降低小麦根系对硒酸盐的亲和力来缩小其与亚硒酸盐的吸收差异.小麦硒转移系数(TF值)随亚硒酸盐浓度的升高显著下降,降幅最高达35.3%,硫酸盐对其无显著影响;TF值随溶液中硒酸盐浓度的升高显著上升,最高增幅达53.8%,硫酸盐对其有显著促进作用.经亚硒酸盐处理后,无论施硫与否,小麦根部累积的硒均会随培养时间的延长显著向地上部运输;而经硒酸盐处理后,小麦根部累积的硒只在硫酸盐存在下才会随培养时间的延长显著运往地上部.富硒地区施用硫肥既可防止土壤硒的过度消耗,又可促进硒向可食部位的转移.     

磷对铅、锌和镉在土壤固相-液相-植物系统中迁移转化的影响

在盆栽条件下,以磷酸二氢钾作为磷（P）添加剂,以空心菜为指示植物,借助模型Visual MINTEQ 研究了P对污染土壤中铅（Pb）、锌（Zn）和镉（Cd）在土壤固相-液相之间以及土壤-根系-地上部的迁移累积的影响.实验设了6个P剂量水平：0（CK）、 0.18（P0.18）、 0.36 （P0.36）、 0.72（P0.72）、 1.08（P1.08）、 1.44（P1.44）,P剂量水平是按照P/Pb物质量的比例（mol/mol）为基础而设计的.结果表明,与对照相比,添加P处理污染土壤后,显著（p<0.05）降低了空心菜地上部吸收的重金属Pb、Zn和Cd的含量,降低幅度分别为53％～92％、 35％～71％和59％～86％,降低了根系吸收累积重金属Pb的含量,增加了根系吸收的Zn的含量,但对Cd吸收量无显著影响.增加P的剂量水平,根系向地上部转运的Pb、Zn和Cd的量的呈指数级下降趋势.地上部吸收的各元素的相关分析结果表明,元素Pb 与元素Zn、Cd是显著正相关关系,其中相关系数最高的是Pb 与Zn（R＝0.993,p<0.01）,其次是Pb与Cd（R＝0.986,p<0.01）.说明Pb 与Zn、Cd在空心菜从根系到地上部分转运的过程中是协作关系.添加P后,提高了土壤pH,从而降低了土壤水溶性Cd的含量,Zn变化不显著,增加了土壤水溶性总Pb含量.平衡液中Pb的主要存在形态是PbHPO₄、PbOH⁺、PbH₂PO⁺₄等3种络合形态.结果还表明,根系吸收Pb的量与土壤水溶性Pb含量具有显著的负相关关系,相关系数-0.872（p<0.05）.P处理降低了土壤水溶性Zn、Cd的含量,却促进了根系吸收,这是Zn、Cd与Pb的不同之处.P具有显著降低复合污染土壤中Pb、Zn和Cd植物毒性的作用.     

六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)异构体和对映体在白洋淀土壤和植物中的选择性富集与传输

利用高效液相色谱-串联三重四级杆质谱分析了白洋淀土壤和植物中六溴环十二烷（HBCDs）异构体和对映体的选择性富集分布及传输特征.土壤和植物样品中ΣHBCD浓度分别为1.32~8.25 ng·g^-1（干重）和N.d.~2.18 ng·g^-1（干重）;在采蒲台（CPT）、圈头（QT）和范峪淀（FYD）检测到的污染物浓度较高,表明南部土壤污染较北部严重;与国内外其他区域相比,白洋淀地区HBCDs的污染水平相对较低.淀区HBCDs的富集存在显著的异构体和对映体选择性行为,γ-HBCD和α-HBCD分别是土壤和植物中的主要异构体,平均百分比贡献率分别为68.24%和44.10%;在多数土壤和植物样品中均表现出（-）-HBCD比（+）-HBCD更易于被选择性富集.ΣHBCD从土壤到植物根系的传输RCFs（根富集因子）为0.12~0.93,其中泥胡草对HBCDs的富集能力最强,荠菜最弱;植物根部到地上部的传输系数（TFs）为0.09~0.81,植物茎向传输能力为补血草 > 牛筋草 > 荠菜 > 泥胡草.HBCDs异构体在土壤-植物体系的RCFs与log K_ow,TFs与log K_ow之间均未发现显著的相关性,可能是由于植物物种的差异和复杂的真实环境的影响.本研究首次为白洋淀淀区土壤-植物体系中HBCDs的污染及其立体选择性行为提供依据,对该地区综合评估其生态安全风险和持久性有机污染物（POPs）的污染防治具有重要意义.     

The immediate costs and long-term benefits of assisted gene flow in large populations

With the genetic health of many plant and animal populations deteriorating due to climate change outpacing adaptation, interventions, such as assisted gene flow (AGF), may provide genetic variation necessary for populations to adapt to climate change. We ran genetic simulations to mimic different AGF scenarios in large populations and measured their outcomes on population-level fitness to determine circumstances in which it is worthwhile to perform AGF. In the absence of inbreeding depression, AGF was beneficial within a few generations only when introduced genotypes had much higher fitness than local individuals and traits affecting fitness were controlled by a few genes of large effect. AGF was harmful over short periods (e.g., first ∼10–20 generations) if there was strong outbreeding depression or introduced deleterious genetic variation. When the adaptive trait was controlled by many loci of small effect, the benefits of AGF took over 10 generations to realize—potentially too long for most climate-related management scenarios. The genomic integrity of the recipient population typically remained intact following AGF; the amount of genetic material from the donor population usually constituted no more of the recipient population's genome than the fraction of the population introduced. Significant genomic turnover (e.g., >50% replacement) only occurred when the selective advantage of the adaptive trait and translocation fraction were extremely high. Our results will be useful when adaptive management is used to maintain the genetic health and productivity of large populations under climate change.     

Using experimental reintroductions to resolve the roles of habitat quality and metapopulation dynamics on patch occupancy in fragmented landscapes

Declines of species in fragmented landscapes can potentially be reversed either by restoring connectivity or restoring local habitat quality. Models fitted to snapshot occupancy data can be used to predict the effectiveness of these actions. However, such inferences can be misleading if the reliability of the habitat and landscape metrics used is unknown. The only way to unambiguously resolve the roles of habitat quality and metapopulation dynamics is to conduct experimental reintroductions to unoccupied patches so that habitat quality can be measured directly from data on vital rates. We, therefore, conducted a 15-year study that involved reintroducing a threatened New Zealand bird to unoccupied forest fragments to obtain reliable data on their habitat quality and reassess initial inferences made by modeling occupancy against habitat and landscape metrics. Although reproductive rates were similar among fragments, subtle differences in adult survival rates resulted in λ (finite rate of increase) estimations of <0.9 for 9 of the 12 fragments that were previously unoccupied. This was the case for only 1 of 14 naturally occupied fragments. This variation in λ largely explained the original occupancy pattern, reversing our original conclusion from occupancy modeling that this occupancy pattern was isolation driven and suggesting that it would be detrimental to increase connectivity without improving local habitat quality. These results illustrate that inferences from snapshot occupancy should be treated with caution and subjected to testing through experimental reintroductions in selected model systems.