Runoff water quality from manured riparian grasslands with contrasting drainage and simulated grazing pressure

Globally, management of grazed riparian areas is critically important to agricultural sustainability and environmental quality. However, the potential impacts of riparian grazing management on water quality are not well-documented, particularly in the southeastern USA. The objective of this work was to determine sediment and nutrient export under simulated rainfall from poorly drained and well-drained riparian soils where heavy or light grazing pressure by cattle was simulated. Plots were established on stands of existing vegetation to create grazing pressure treatments of (a) light-use (full ground cover, uncompacted), and with stands modified to establish (b) heavy-use (bare ground, compacted) treatments. Vegetation on poorly drained soils consisted of several typical wetland species (e.g., Pontederia cordata L., Juncus coriaceus Mackenzie) in the southeastern USA, whereas mixed tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)–dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.) stands were the dominant vegetation on well-drained soils. Runoff volume was generally greater from heavy-use than from light-use for poorly drained soils and for well-drained soils. Greater runoff volume was also observed from poorly drained soils compared to well-drained soils for both light-use and for heavy-use treatments. Light-use plots were remarkably effective at minimizing export of total suspended solids (TSS) on both soils (<30 kg ha⁻¹). Mean total Kjeldahl P (TKP) export was fourfold greater from heavy-use plots than from light-use plots on both soils. While export of nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) was unaffected by grazing pressure and soil drainage, mean ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄-N) and total N (TN) export from poorly drained heavy-use plots was greater than fivefold that from well-drained light-use plots. Results indicate that livestock heavy-use areas in the riparian zone may export substantial TSS and nutrients, especially on poorly drained soils. However, when full ground cover is maintained on well-drained soils, TSS and nutrient losses may be limited.     

三江平原挠力河流域湿地生态特征变化研究

经过近半个世纪的垦荒,挠力河流域湿地生态特征发生了明显的改变,大量湿地被垦殖,湿地面积逐年减少;湿地资源的破坏,造成环境污染严重,土壤有机质含量大大降低;土地沙化、盐碱化面积不断扩大;灾害性气候发生频率增加;动植物等多样性资源急剧减少。挠力河流域作为“北大荒”的重要组成部分,生态环境的剧烈变化也就很具有代表性了。伴随着新千年“北大荒”停止一切垦殖湿地、草地和林地的措施出台,挠力河流域也迎来了退耕还林、还牧、还湿的调整时期。     

Perfluorinated compounds in Haihe River and Dagu Drainage Canal in Tianjin, China

In this study, nine perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were investigated in water and sediment of Haihe River (HR) and Dagu Drainage Canal (DDC), Tianjin, China. The total PFCs in water samples from DDC (40-174 ng L⁻¹) was much greater than those from HR (12-74 ng L⁻¹). PFC contamination was severe at lower reaches of HR due to industry activities, while high PFCs were found in the middle of DDC due to the effluents from wastewater treatment plants. Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were the predominant PFCs in aqueous phase. The total PFCs in sediments from DDC (1.6-7.7 ng g⁻¹ dry weight) were lower as compared to HR (7.1-16 ng g⁻¹), maybe due to the dredging of sediment in DDC conducted recently. PFOS was the major PFC in HR sediments followed by PFOA; while PFHxA was the major PFC in DDC sediments. Organic carbon calibrated sediment-water distribution coefficients (K_OC) were calculated for HR. The Log K_OC ranged from 3.3 to 4.4 for C7-C11 perfluorinated carboxylic acids, increasing by 0.1-0.6 log units with each additional CF₂ moiety. The log K_OC for 8:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated acid was reported for the first time with a mean value of 4.0. The log Koc of PFOS was higher than perfluoronanoic acid by 0.8 log units.     

海河上游农牧交错地区生态系统服务价值的变化

在利用NOAA/AVHRR数据得到海河流域农牧交错带土地利用变化数据的基础上,采用Costanza等人对全球生态系统服务价值的测算方法,评估了海河流域上游农牧交错带地区土地利用变化引起的生态环境质量变化。研究结果表明:在过去10年海河流域上游农牧交错带区域,土地利用的变化损害了该区域生态系统的生态服务功能,使生态系统服务价值损失2.5%～2.7%,达到4.18×107～4.90×107美元。