Toward knowledge structuring of sustainability science based on ontology engineering

In sustainability science (SS), it is difficult to identify what needs to be solved, and it is also not clear how to solve the problems that are identified. There has been no consensus on the underlying question of “What is structuring knowledge in SS?” This paper focuses on knowledge structuring accompanied by supporting of thinking. It addresses the key challenges associated with knowledge structuring in SS, identifies the requirements for the structuring of knowledge, proposes a reference model, and develops an ontology-based mapping tool as a solution to one layer of the reference model. First, we identify the important requirements for SS knowledge structuring. Second, we develop a reference model composed of five layers based on three of the requirements. Third, we develop an ontology-based mapping tool at Layer 2 of the reference model for meeting the two major challenges for SS, namely, identifying what problems should be addressed in SS itself and proposing solutions for those problems. The tool is designed to store and retrieve information regarding SS, to provide access to a prototype ontology for SS, and to create multiple maps of conceptual chains depending on a user’s interests and perspectives. Finally, we assess whether the developed tool successfully realizes the targeted part of the reference model for SS by examining the tool’s conformity to the reference model, as well as its usability, effectiveness, and constraints. Although several issues were identified in the prototype ontology and the mapping tool, the study concluded that the mapping tool is useful enough to facilitate the function of Layer 2. In particular, the mapping tool can support thinking about SS from the viewpoint of: (a) finding new potentials and risks of technological countermeasures studied in SS; (b) helping users to get a more comprehensive picture of problems and their potential solutions; and (c) providing an effective opportunity to come up with new ideas that might not be thought of without such a tool.     

Using Earth Observation to update a Natura 2000 habitat map for a wetland in Greece

The European Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC has defined the need for the conservation of habitats and species with the adoption of appropriate measures. Within the Natura 2000 ecological network of special areas of conservation, natural habitats will be monitored to ensure the maintenance or restoration of their composition, structure and extent. The European Space Agency's GlobWetland project has provided remotely sensed products for several Ramsar wetlands worldwide, such as detailed land cover-land use, water cycle and inundated vegetation maps. This paper presents the development and testing of an operational methodology for updating a wetland's habitat map using the GlobWetland products, and the evaluation of the extent to which GlobWetland products have contributed to the habitat map updating. The developed methodology incorporated both automated and analyst-supervised techniques to photo-interpret, delineate, refine, and evaluate the updated habitat polygons. The developed methodology was proven successful in its application to the wetland complex of the Axios-Loudias-Aliakmon delta (Greece). The resulting habitat map met the European and Greek national requirements. Results revealed that GlobWetland products were a valuable contribution, but source data (enhanced satellite images) were necessary to discriminate spectrally similar habitats. Finally, the developed methodology can be modified for original habitat mapping.     

鞍山市化学事故辅助决策系统的开发

以科学实用为出发点,对鞍山市化学事故辅助决策系统的建立和开发进行了研究。分析讨论了建立该辅助决策系统软件的背景及意义;根据GB6944—2005《危险货物品名表》,应用Access2003数据库和VB6.0语言进行编程,构建危险化学品资料查询数据库,实现模糊查询和精确查询功能;通过分析、比较扩散模型中应用较广泛的高斯模型、SLAB模型、ADMS模型,结合鞍山市当地的实际气象数据,确定ADMS模型为该软件所用扩散模型,并根据ADMS模型和毒负荷法建立危险区域划分标准;根据鞍山市的实际情况,在灵图2006和消防水源电子地图的共同支持下,实现救援车辆电子地图导航和现场实时水源显示功能。     

Characterization of humic substances of different origin by means of mass spectrometry and neural networks

Mass spectrometry fingerprinting of humic acids extracted from different soils has been carried out using laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-TOF MS). LDI-TOF MS provides characteristic mass spectra fingerprints for the humic acids of different origin. The information given in the fingerprints was evaluated for natural grouping trends in the samples by neural networks computing tools, such as self-organizing feature map (SOFM). This approach is efficient for recognizing patterns in the humic acids samples independently of their characteristic variability; variability characterizing natural products such as humic substances. The use of multi-layer perceptron artificial neural networks gave a successful classification of the samples.     

深圳市新一代暴雨强度公式的研制

首先构造了深圳市新一代暴雨强度公式研制的路线图，重点是利用深圳市气象局1954-2003年50年间的暴雨记录，用指数分布和P-Ⅲ分布进行分布曲线拟合和选优，得到了理论上的雨强-历时-重现期三联表，在此基础上再分别采用最优法、二分搜索法和广义逆法等3种方法求解分公式和总公式参数，根据误差最小的原则确定最优方法。结果表明：由指数分布拟合分布曲线，经过上述步骤求解得到的公式参数，误差最小，符合相关国标要求。     

Prediction of potential areas of species distributions based on presence-only data

We introduce a methodology to infer zones of high potential for the habitat of a species, useful for management of biodiversity, conservation, biogeography, ecology, or sustainable use. Inference is based on a set of sites where the presence of the species has been reported. Each site is associated with covariate values, measured on discrete scales. We compute the predictive probability that the species is present at each node of a regular grid. Possible spatial bias for sites of presence is accounted for. Since the resulting posterior distribution does not have a closed form, a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm is implemented. However, we also describe an approximation to the posterior distribution, which avoids MCMC. Relevant features of the approach are that specific notions of data acquisition such as sampling intensity and detectability are accounted for, and that available a priori information regarding areas of distribution of the species is incorporated in a clear-cut way. These concepts, arising in the presence-only context, are not addressed in alternative methods. We also consider an uncertainty map, which measures the variability for the predictive probability at each node on the grid. A simulation study is carried out to test and compare our approach with other standard methods. Two case studies are also presented.     

大气环境及腐蚀性

根据近年来国内外对大气环境和腐蚀性的研究成果．描述了大气环境及腐蚀性的研究状况．介绍了国际标准化组织的分类分级标准和我国大气环境的腐蚀性的分类分级的探讨性研究以及大气腐蚀图的研究。     

Development of fire risk visualization tool based on heat map

At present, relatively few tools are able to visualize regional fire risks both dynamically and efficiently. As a general method of density clustering and visualization, heat maps can be used to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of fire risks. In this study, based on combining a transformed sigmoid function with a heat map method, a transformed sigmoid risk model (TSRM) was proposed. A numerical mapping method between fire risk values and colors was established based on an RGB color model. By using HTML 5 and JavaScript, a fire risk visualization tool (FRVT) was developed based on the TSRM. Baidu Map was used as the geographic information system engine for the FRVT by calling its JavaScript application program interface. To validate the TSRM and FRVT with case studies, 16,448 historical fires from 2013 to 2017 in Changsha, China, were gathered and visualized. The visualization results indicated that the high-risk areas were mainly distributed in urban areas, and that the medium-risk and low-risk areas were primarily distributed in rural areas. The FRVT can also be applied to visualize and analyze process-related fire risks from a regional perspective. In further research, it will be important to update the FRVT, e.g., to visualize the fire risks posed by the transportation of hazardous materials.     

基于地学信息图谱的合肥市城市扩展时空特征及驱动力分析

利用多时相遥感影像,借助ArcGIS平台,采用空间形态分析、等扇分析、等距分析及分形分析等方法,以城市扩展强度、紧凑度、分形维数、重心坐标、扩展弹性系数等为指标,基于地学信息图谱分析了1987~2011年合肥市城市扩展时空特征及其驱动力。结果表明：合肥市在经历了轴向放射状扩展、双核组团扩展及轴间填充后,城市形态由不规则团块状向星楔形、连体双星形转变;24 a间,城市用地面积增长了22415 km2,城市规模扩大了455倍;2000年以前基本保持中、低速扩展,进入21世纪后,开始高速扩展;城市空间主要沿交通线向西南、东南、东、东北等方向非均衡延展,城市扩展最强烈的区域约在距城区中心8 km处,城市重心不断向南偏西方向转移;扩展过程中,城市紧凑度呈“W”型波动,分形维数呈“M”型波动,扩展弹性系数呈“∧”型波动,城市形态最终向着稳定、合理化方向发展;自然环境、经济发展、人口增长、交通建设、政府行为等是合肥市城市扩展的主要驱动力量     

古堆泉域岩溶地下水水化学特征及成因

古堆泉为山西省著名岩溶大泉之一,是唯一的中低温温泉,具有悠久的开发观赏历史,凝聚着丰厚的人文积淀.以古堆泉域岩溶地下水为研究对象,通过系统地样品采集与同位素分析,综合运用水化学（Durov图、离子比例、Gibbs图和氢氧同位素）同位素方法分析地下水水化学特征和地下水系统径流特征.古堆泉域岩溶地下水的⁸⁷ Sr/⁸⁶ Sr值在0.709~0.717之间,Mg/（Mg+Ca）值在0.27~0.74之间.通过分析Sr同位素组成和Mg/（Mg+Ca）、1/Sr变化特征,得出古堆泉域岩溶地下水为深部热水与浅部冷水的混合水,中条山南梁泉岩溶水子系统呈现碳酸盐岩地层径流特征,佛岭山-高显海头泉岩溶水子系统和侯马盆地深循环子系统呈现碳酸盐岩地层与火成岩地层径流特征,塔儿山-九原山古堆泉岩溶水子系统呈现碳酸盐岩地层与古老硅铝质岩地层径流特征.通过2014年样品与2021年相同位置取样点的氢氧同位素比对分析,得出古堆泉口水样变化原因是其受三泉水库补给随时间的积累的结果,三泉水库的变化原因是受引黄水的影响.研究区岩溶地下水水化学类型可分为SO₄-Na、SO₄-Ca、HCO₃-Na、HCO₃-Mg、HCO₃-Ca和Cl-Na型.岩溶地下水水化学类型从HCO₃-Ca·Mg→HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg→SO₄·HCO₃-Na·Ca→SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca呈现明显的水化学成分分带.