Toxicological characterization of the landfill leachate prior/after chemical and electrochemical treatment: A study on human and plant cells

In this research, toxicological safety of two newly developed methods for the treatment of landfill leachate from the Piškornica (Croatia) sanitary landfill was investigated. Chemical treatment procedure combined chemical precipitation with CaO followed by coagulation with ferric chloride and final adsorption by clinoptilolite. Electrochemical treatment approach included pretreatment with ozone followed by electrooxidation/electrocoagulation and final polishing by microwave irradiation. Cell viability of untreated/treated landfill leachate was examined using fluorescence microscopy. Cytotoxic effect of the original leachate was obtained for both exposure periods (4 and 24 h) while treated samples showed no cytotoxic effect even after prolonged exposure time. The potential DNA damage of the untreated/treated landfill leachate was evaluated by the comet assay and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay using either human or plant cells. The original leachate exhibited significantly higher comet assay parameters compared to negative control after 24 h exposure. On the contrary, there was no significant difference between negative control and chemically/electrochemically treated leachate for any of the parameters tested. There was also no significant increase in either CBMN assay parameter compared to the negative control following the exposure of the lymphocytes to the chemically or electrochemically treated landfill leachate for both exposure periods while the original sample showed significantly higher number of micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds for both exposure times. Results suggest that both methods are suitable for the treatment of such complex waste effluent due to high removal efficiency of all measured parameters and toxicological safety of the treated effluent.     

Variability of soil-water quality due to Tsunami-2004 in the coastal belt of Nagapattinam district, Tamilnadu

In this study, the Tsunami-caused deterioration of soil and groundwater quality in the agricultural fields of coastal Nagapattinam district of Tamilnadu state in India is presented by analyzing their salinity and sodicity parameters. To accomplish this, three sets of soil samples up to a depth of 30cm from the land surface were collected for the first six months of the year 2005 from 28 locations and the ground water samples were monitored from seven existing dug wells and hand pumps covering the study region at intervals of 3 months. The EC and pH values of both the soil and ground water samples were estimated and the spatial and temporal variability mappings of these parameters were performed using the geostatistical analysis module of ArcGIS((R)). It was observed that the spherical semivariogram fitted well with the data set of both EC and pH and the generated kriged maps explained the spatial and temporal variability under different ranges of EC and pH values. Further, the recorded EC and pH data of soil and ground water during pre-Tsunami periods were compared with the collected data and generated variability soil maps of EC and pH of the post-Tsunami period. It was revealed from this analysis that the soil quality six months after the Tsunami was nearing the pre-Tsunami scenario (EC< 1.5dSm(-1); pH<8), whereas the quality of ground water remained highly saline and unfit for irrigation and drinking. These observations were compared with the ground scenarios of the study region and possible causes for such changes and the remedial measures for taking up regular agricultural practices are also discussed.     

预测有机化合物对水蚤EC50值的片段常数法

根据217种化合物建立了估算有机化合物对水蚤EC50值（48h半数影响浓度）的片段常数模型,分析了模型的误差及稳健性。研究结果表明,有机化合物的片段常数和结构因子与水蚤的EC50值倒数的对数（lg1/EC50)显著相关,可以根据片段常数法估算有机化合物对水蚤的EC50。模型的可决系数为0.9687,平均绝对误差0.40个对数单位,其中68.7%化合物的误差小于0.5个对数单位。     

长三角典型站点冬季大气PM2.5中OC、EC污染特征

对2015年1月9日~2015年1月31日临安、南京和苏州3个站点采集的PM_(2.5)样品(共计279组),使用热光反射法(thermal/optical reflectance,TOR)分析了样品中有机碳(OC)与元素碳(EC)的含量,并研究了长三角地区冬季PM_(2.5)中OC和EC的污染特征.结果表明,采样期间临安、南京和苏州的PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度分别为(123.56±61.11)、(144.77±62.91)和(156.5±68.97)μg·m-3,均超过我国《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)规定的PM_(2.5)日均值75μg·m-3;其中3个站点OC与EC的平均质量浓度依次分别为(21.93±11.69)/(6±3.6)、(20.32±10.3)/(5.39±3.07)和(27.08±14.35)/(6.4±4.29)μg·m-3.临安作为长三角大气环境背景点,OC与EC的污染也较为严重.3个站点OC与EC的相关性为临安(R2=0.83)、南京(R2=0.72)和苏州(R2=0.72),表明冬季长三角地区的碳质气溶胶的来源较为一致和稳定.3个站点样品中的OC/EC值均大于2.0,样品的OC/EC值主要分布在2.5~6.0这个区间内,表明燃煤源和机动车尾气排放源是OC与EC的主要来源.使用EC示踪法估算临安、南京和苏州3个站点的二次有机碳(SOC)平均质量浓度分别为(9.23±5.26)、(6.82±4.36)和(12.56±7.52)μg·m-3,在OC中占比为42%、34%和46%,表明SOC是OC的重要组成部分.后向轨迹显示,PM_(2.5)、OC和EC的质量浓度与主要气团的传输路径有较好的相关性,自空气质量较差区域气团的PM_(2.5)、OC和EC的质量浓度是来自空气质量较好区域的1.14~1.7倍、1.55~2.1倍和1.94~2.47倍.     

清洁取暖对保定市采暖期PM2.5中碳质气溶胶的影响

为了研究清洁取暖措施对保定市PM_2.5中碳质气溶胶浓度和来源的影响,于2014年和2019年冬季采暖期在保定市采集PM_2.5样品,用DRI Model 2001A热光碳分析仪测定样品中OC和EC的浓度.结果表明,2014年采暖期PM_2.5中ρ(OC)和ρ(EC)平均值分别为60.92μg·m^-3和18.15μg·m^-3,2019年采暖期PM_2.5中ρ(OC)和ρ(EC)平均值分别为36.63μg·m^-3和6.07μg·m^-3,与2014年相比2019年OC、 EC浓度分别下降了39.87%和66.56%,EC下降幅度大于OC,且2019年气象条件与2014年相比更不利于污染物扩散.通过对OC和EC相关性分析和SOC估算,发现2014年和2019年保定市OC和EC相关性R²分别为0.874和0.811,表明保定市OC和EC具有较为一致的来源.2014年和2019年ρ(SOC)的平均值分别为16...     

渗滤液中有机化合物在电化学氧化和厌氧生物组合系统中的降解

根据GC-MS分析,垃圾渗滤液中有机组分大多是难生物降解的有机化合物,如酚类、杂环类、杂环芳烃、多环芳烃类化合物,约占渗滤液中有机组分的70%以上. 本文对渗滤液中典型有机化合物在电化学氧化和厌氧生物组合工艺系统中的降解特性进行了系统研究. 结果表明,在电化学处理系统中,杂酚类、酰胺类、苯并噻唑、苯醌、喹啉、萘等有机化合物降解速率高于外-2-羟基桉树脑和异喹啉等化合物,但前者在厌氧生物处理系统中去除率低;渗滤液原水经过电化学氧化处理后,挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量从原水中的0.68%增加到电化学出水中的16.18%;此组合工艺能够显著降低因渗滤液复杂组分间的增效协同作用和拮抗作用而引起的毒性,系统出水可生化性增强,为进一步研究垃圾渗滤液的处理技术和进行该组合处理系统的大规模开发提供参考.     

工程机械不同工况下PM_(2.5)排放及其碳质组分特征

我国工程机械排放控制起步较晚.为研究实际工况下工程机械的PM2.5排放特性及其碳质组分构成,采用便携式颗粒物稀释采样系统,对3台工程机械(2台挖掘机和1台装载机)在不同典型工况(行驶、作业和怠速)下的PM2.5及其碳质组分〔OC(有机碳)和EC(元素碳)〕的现场排放特征进行了测试.结果表明:沃尔沃挖掘机、山河智能挖掘机的PM2.5排放因子(基于燃油)分别为1.85~3.26和1.56~2.62 g/kg,厦工装载机的PM2.5排放因子为0.98~1.48 g/kg.不同工况对PM2.5排放因子影响较大,怠速工况下PM2.5排放因子是行驶工况下的1.49~1.76倍.工程机械排放的PM2.5中,碳质组分是最主要的成分,其质量分数高达71.0%~84.5%.其中,w(OC)为44.6%~72.0%,在怠速工况下最高;w(EC)则为8.6%~30.9%,在行驶工况下较高.测试工程机械的PM2.5排放水平较高,因此应尽快加强工程机械排放的污染防治.     

制药废水中磷霉素和α-苯乙胺的生物降解及相互作用

以比耗氧速率SOUR、呼吸抑制率和发光细菌光损失为衡量指标, 研究了在磷霉素、α-苯乙胺及其混合物作用下,活性污泥和发光细菌的可生化性和急性毒性的变化.结果表明, α-苯乙胺的急性毒性和对活性污泥的呼吸抑制率均大于磷霉素. α-苯乙胺与磷霉素混合液的可生化性和急性毒性两者在混合物中的比例有关,当α-苯乙胺所占比例低于25%时,混合液的可生化性基本不受两者比例的影响;但当α-苯乙胺所占比例高于25%时,混合液的可生化性随着α-苯乙胺所占比例的增加而降低.当混合液中α-苯乙胺所占比例为25%时,其急性毒性最低.     

杭州无车日大气细颗粒物化学组成形成机制及光学特性

在世界无车日期间对PM2.5化学组分、光学参数及气态污染物进行同步监测,评估机动车尾气排放对杭州市细颗粒物污染及能见度的影响.结果表明:管制期间NO2、NOx、CO和PM2.5浓度分别为45.0, 50.8, 1119, 85.8μg/m3,比平日分别下降了17.5%、23.3%、20.6%和32.6%.管制期间PM2.5中OC、EC和二次无机组分浓度为8.58, 4.29, 25.95μg/m3,比管制前下降了13.8%、12.6%和15.7%,管制后则达到20.24, 10.85, 27.39μg/m3,上升了136.0%、152.7%和5.5%.管制期间较高的NO3-/PM2.5和NOR(0.15)表明PM2.5的形成更多受二次无机转化影响,管制后PM2.5中上升的OC、EC比例和较低的NOR(0.07)则说明PM2.5主要来自机动车排放的碳质组分的贡献.硫酸盐、硝酸盐、有机气溶胶和EC是最主要的消光组分,共解释了总消光系数的74.0%~89.7%.管制后,机动车排放的有机物和EC消光比例达到26.6%和24.6%,大气消光系数则达到438.7Mm-1,比管制期间上升了60.5%,表明机动车污染排放已成为影响杭州大气细颗粒物污染和能见度下降的重要因素.     

Effects of a diesel oxidation catalyst on gaseous pollutants and fine particles from an engine operating on diesel and biodiesel

The effects of a diesel oxidation catalytic (DOC) converter on diesel engine emissions were investigated on a diesel bench at various loads for two steady-state speeds using diesel fuel and B20. The DOC was very effective in hydrocarbon (HC) and CO oxidation. Approximately 90%–95% reduction in CO and 36%–70% reduction in HC were realized using the DOC. Special attention was focused on the effects of the DOC on elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) fractions in fine particles (PM_2.5) emitted from the diesel engine. The carbonaceous compositions of PM_2.5 were analyzed by the method of thermal/optical reflectance (TOR). The results showed that total carbon (TC), OC and EC emissions for PM_2.5 from diesel fuel were generally reduced by the DOC. For diesel fuel, TC emissions decreased 22%–32% after the DOC depending on operating modes. The decrease in TC was attributed to 35%–97% decrease in OC and 3%–65% decrease in EC emissions. At low load, a significant increase in the OC/EC ratio of PM_2.5 was observed after the DOC. The effect of the DOC on the carbonaceous compositions in PM_2.5 from B20 showed different trends compared to diesel fuel. At low load, a slight increase in EC emissions and a significant decrease in OC/EC ratio of PM_2.5 after DOC were observed for B20.