宁波市区冬季大气颗粒物及其主要组分的污染特征分析

为了更好地研究影响宁波市区环境空气质量的污染物变化特征,于2010年1月20—30日进行了加强监测。研究结果表明,宁波市区大气中PM₁₀和PM_2.5质量浓度较高,其中PM_2.5/PM₁₀为0.5~0.85。对PM₁₀和PM_2.5采样膜分析,水溶性粒子和含碳组分分别占PM₁₀和PM_2.5质量浓度的56.7%和66.9%,其中二次污染的水溶性离子SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺是PM₁₀和PM_2.5中浓度较高的离子组分;PM_2.5样品中OC与EC的相关性较好,表明OC与EC的来源相对一致,可能主要来自机动车尾气的贡献;但PM₁₀样品中OC与EC的相关性较差,表明其来源相对复杂;其中SOC的浓度占OC的13%~35%,说明宁波市区冬季导致二次污染的光化学反应不活跃。     

天津市区PM2.5中碳组分污染特征及来源分析

为研究天津市细颗粒中碳组分特征,于2006年8-12月连续采集PM25样品,分析其来源及浓度特征.结果表明,天津市区PM25、有机碳(OC)及元素碳(EC)浓度分别为165.90、23.90、5.50 μg/m3,3项浓度均为冬季最高.OC、EC、总碳在PM2.5中所占比例分别为14.31％、3.66％和18.14％,秋季在PM 2 5中所占比例最高,夏季最低.OC/EC平均值为4.21,按照秋、夏、冬呈递增的季节变化趋势.冬季二次有机碳污染较重,二次有机碳浓度(13.98 μg/m3)占OC比例为34.5％.因子分析表明,非采暖期汽油车对碳气溶胶作用显著,采暖期生物质燃烧、燃煤及汽油车排放贡献.     

Measurement of machinery safety level in the European market: A real case based on market surveillance data

This article aims to highlight the current status of compliance to Machinery Directive 98/37/EC (transposed to Spanish regulation as RD 56/1995, of 20th January) (a new directive numbered as 2006/42/EC [Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 may 2006 on machinery, and amending Directive 95/16/EC (recast). OJ L157/24-86, 9.6.2006.], that recasts and replaced 98/37/ED directive and its amendments, came into force on 29 June 2006; it will not be applied until 29th December 2009. European Member States have a lead-time of two years to adopt and publish the national laws and regulations transposing the provisions of the new Directive into national law. Latest 10th October, Spain transposed Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC to national regulation as Real Decreto 1644/2008 [Real Decreto 1644/2008, de 10 de octubre, por el que se establecen las normas para la comercialización y puesta en servicio de las máquinas. BOE 246/2008, de 11 octubre 2008. Páginas 40995–41030]) of a particular family of machinery (hand-held, medium and small-size, deeply introduced in the market, of low-medium cost), that any user, professional or non-professional, can acquire as first-hand in any of the sales points (whether or not experts in these kind of products).At the same time, it emphasises the most significant shortcomings and non-conformities found, after analyzing the results of five consecutive Campaigns of Control of Industrial Products performed by one of the labs (placed in Spain) involved in the market surveillance European Program.     

外循环厌氧反应器接种好氧污泥的启动研究

内蒙古自治区某啤酒厂的外循环厌氧反应器完成了首次启动后由于操作问题,导致系统运行崩溃.第2次接种后续生物接触氧化池的好氧污泥进行重新启动,经过20 d的驯化,好氧污泥转变为活性较高的厌氧污泥;采用低负荷高去除率的方式运行40 d后,塔内形成了部分颗粒污泥;之后,为了提高颗粒污泥量快速提高进水流量,COD去除率先突然下降然后缓慢升高.当进水流量达到最大时启动结束,此时塔内颗粒污泥量和COD去除率仍在缓慢上升.     

Contents and sources of DDT impurities in dicofol formulations in Turkey

Background, aim, and scope  Dicofol is widely used as a pesticide in agriculture applications. Since dicofol is mainly synthesized from dichlorodiphenyltrichlorethane (DDT), it contains DDT as an impurity. The European Community has forced Prohibition Directive 79/117/EEC to reduce DDT in dicofol formulations. Specifically, DDT content in a dicofol formulation cannot exceed 0.1%. The goal of this project was to determine the DDT content in dicofol formulations used in Turkey. Materials and methods  Samples of all the dicofol formulations in Turkey were collected to quantify DDT and DDT-related compounds. Four replicates were used for each sample. GC/MS/MS was used to analyze p,p′ and o,p′ isomers of DDT, DDD, and DDE. A HPLC was used to determine p,p′-Cl-DDT concentrations. Results  The total DDT content of the formulated dicofol was found between 0.3% and 14.3%. The concentration of p,p′-DDE ranged from 167 to 1,042 mg kg⁻¹ in dicofol samples. p,p′-DDT concentrations were found to be 32 to 183 mg kg⁻¹. The o,p’-DDT level ranged from 2 to 34 mg kg⁻¹ in the dicofol formulations analyzed. Discussion  It was estimated that 617.8 kg of DDT was released from dicofol. The main impurity was identified as p,p-Cl-DDT. Based on these results, dicofol serves as a continuing source of DDT contamination. Conclusions  All DDT concentrations in dicofol samples analyzed were higher than the permitted 0.1% level of Prohibition Directive 79/117/EEC. The reduction of dicofol is critical since it serves as a continual source of DDT contamination. Recommendations and perspectives  DDT has been found in soil, water, and air samples. Dicofol has been identified as a contributor to continued DDT contamination in soil and water. More studies are needed to ascertain the source of DDT in the air.     

民用燃料燃烧碳质组分及VOCs排放特征

选取北京市地区典型生物质燃料（玉米芯、玉米秆、黄豆秆、草梗、松木、栗树枝、桃树枝）以及民用煤（烟煤、蜂窝煤）在实验室内进行了模拟燃烧实验,对燃烧产生的颗粒物及气体样品进行采集,采用Model 2001A热/光碳分析仪对不同粒径段颗粒物中的有机碳、元素碳进行测定,采用AgilentGC-MS 5977/7890B气质联用仪对燃烧烟气中的挥发性有机物进行分析.研究表明：除蜂窝煤OC、EC的排放因子在2.5~10μm粒径范围内达到最大,其他8种固体燃料燃烧产生的OC、EC的排放因子最大值均在0~2.5μm粒径范围内.薪柴（栗树枝、桃树枝、松木）、秸秆（玉米芯、玉米秆、黄豆秆、草梗）和民用煤（蜂窝煤、烟煤）3类物质燃烧排放VOCs的物种分类差异较大.薪柴和民用煤燃烧排放的卤代烃以及含氧有机物的质量分数明显高于秸秆的质量分数;在同一类别中VOCs物质分布趋势一致.3种薪柴平均总VOCs的排放系数为2.02g/kg,4种秸秆平均总VOCs的排放系数为6.89g/kg,2种民用煤平均总VOCs的排放系数为2.03g/kg,秸秆类的排放因子最大.玉米芯、玉米秆、黄豆秆和草梗的臭氧生成潜势较高,而栗树枝、桃树枝、松木、烟煤以及蜂窝煤的臭氧生成潜势较低,且分布类似.烯烃类、烷烃类、芳香烃类是固体燃料燃烧臭氧生成潜势贡献较大的VOCs物质.     

广州市夏季室内外PM2.5中有机碳、元素碳的分布特征

2004年7～8月在广州市9个采样点的室内、室室外同步采集了PM2 5样品,采用热光反射碳分析仪分析得到OC、EC的质量浓度,对OC、EC污染水平、空间分布、室内室外质量浓度关系、0C/EC质量浓度关系及二次有机碳等特征进行了深入细致的分析研究.结果表明,OC室内、外平均质量浓度为17.3和19.9μg·m-3,EC室内、室外平均质量浓度为6.5和6.6μg·m-3,总碳气溶胶占PM25质量的50%以上;在不同类型采样点0C、EC质量浓度存在区别;室内环境中OC、EC质量浓度相关性显著,室外环境中0C、EC质量浓度相关性不显著;0C、EC质量浓度比ρ(OC)/ρ(EC)超过2;室内、室外PM2 5中二次有机碳质量浓度是7.6和10.0μg·m-3,占总有机碳的比率为43.8%、45.5%.     

Possibilities and limitations of a comparative assessment of process technologies from a cleaner production point of view

This article presents a method for a comparative assessment of process technologies from a cleaner production point of view as well as the results of testing this method in practice. Based on these results and on an analysis of existing technology information systems, an estimation is made of the general possibilities and limitations of a comparative assessment of process technologies from a cleaner production point of view. Finally, the resulting consequences for the definition of ‘best available techniques' in accordance with the new EC Council Directive Concerning Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) are discussed. This article argues that apart from the difficulties related to the valuation of different kinds of materials and energy a major limiting factor is caused by the fact that the function of a production has to be defined very precisely to enable a comparison between different types of process technologies in sufficient detail.     

大气混杂污染物诱导8—羟基脱氧鸟苷的形成及机理

以DNA加合物8－羟基脱氧鸟苷（8－OHdG)作为DNA氧化损伤的生物学标志物，用高压液相色谱－电化学检测（HPLC－EC）法对大气混杂污染物染毒后的DNA中8－OHdG进行定量检测，通过气质联用法（GC－MS）进行有机成分分析和原子吸收法（AAS）对其进行无机元素分析，并从大混杂污染物化学组成成分的角度推理并证实了其造成DNA损伤的分子机理。     

含碳气溶胶研究进展：有机碳和元素碳

含碳气溶胶是我国大气区域性复合型污染的重要物种,对全球气候变化、辐射强迫、能见度、环境质量、人类健康等会产生重要影响.主要从含碳气溶胶来源及成因、环境影响、样品采集及测试等方面对国内外相关研究进行了评述,讨论了有机碳和元素碳研究中存在的关键和难点问题,并对其发展前景进行了展望.