南京地区大气PM1.1中OC、EC特征及来源解析

采用DRI Model 2001A热/光碳分析仪测定了2011年南京地区大气PM1.1中OC、EC的含量,并具体探讨了其来源.结果表明,南师OC、EC年均浓度分别为10.10μg·m-3、2.52μg·m-3,南化分别为11.22μg·m-3、3.12μg·m-3,南化污染相对严重.夏季两地OC、EC含量较低,而冬春季较高,这与冬春季燃煤量增加,并且受内陆西风及逆温的影响,污染物集中在南京市上空不易扩散有关.两地PM1.1中SOC/TOC均在夏季较高,冬季最低.秋季SOC和O3有较好的相关性,表明秋季光化学反应是SOC的重要生成途径.     

落叶燃烧排放的颗粒物及有机碳、元素碳的研究

为研究落叶燃烧排放的颗粒物(PM)及有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC),采用明燃和闷燃两种形式对10种乔木的落叶进行燃烧实验,采集了排放的烟尘,并用元素碳/有机碳分析仪测定样品的OC和EC含量.结果表明,落叶在明燃状态下PM、OC、EC的排放因子范围分别为7.9~31.9、0.9~9.7、3.6~13.9 g·kg-1,平均值分别为19.7、5.2、6.8 g·kg-1.闷燃状态下PM、OC、EC的排放因子范围分别为61.3~128.9、31.7~60.4、1.9~6.0 g·kg-1,平均值分别为91.0、43.0、4.0 g·kg-1.明燃和闷燃的OC/EC变化范围分别为0.21~1.82和8.16~16.84.明燃状态下OC/PM、EC/PM的范围分别为0.11~0.41和0.18~0.56.闷燃状态下OC/PM、EC/PM的范围分别为0.43~0.53和0.03~0.06.OC和PM的排放因子在两种燃烧状态下均呈现显著的相关性.在不同的燃烧状态下,各组分之间的排放因子具有较大的差异,OC的排放因子在闷燃状态下高于明燃状态,而EC的排放因子则相反.不同燃烧状态下PM、OC、EC的排放因子及它们之间的比值分析,对建立森林生物质燃烧源排放清单以及来源解析具有重要意义.     

Finding a Balance Over Precaution

Three interpretations of theprecautionary principle are identified, namely``soft,' ``hard,' and outright rejection. The ECCommunication of February 2000 is largely aresponse to the latter, to provide alegitimation in trade-related WTO disputes.This context leads to an over stress onscientific closure. This is critiqued asidealistic in respect of resolving long termuncertainties inherent in the GM food issue.While offering some useful guidelines in riskmanagement, the EC report seriously fails totake into account the ethical and societaldimension of risk. These are crucial both indetermining when precautionary principle isinvoked and the action to be taken. The EC viewleans too much to a scientific rationalist riskperspective. However, the ``Green'interpretation of the precautionary principleas a reversal of the burden of proof is alsocriticized as inconsistent both with the natureof technology and with the nature of reality asseen in a Christian perspective. Biblicalinsights on risk reveal a balance ofintervention and conservation in a world whererisk is inherent. The notion of risk as asocial contract reveals that ethical andsocietal issues have a crucial role to play inapplying the precautionary principle.     

Hg(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)对海洋单细胞藻的急性毒性效应

近年来,海洋重金属污染日益严重,为考察重金属对海洋藻类的生物毒性效应,进而评估其对海洋生态环境的影响,本研究采用一次性培养的实验方法,测定了2种重金属Hg(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)对8种海洋单细胞藻的急性毒性效应,包括赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo Hada)、旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curv...     

LCA of local strategies for energy recovery from waste in England, applied to a large municipal flow

An intense waste management (WM) planning activity is currently undergoing in England to build the infrastructure necessary to treat residual wastes, increase recycling levels and the recovery of energy from waste. From the analyses of local WM strategic and planning documents we have identified the emerging of three different energy recovery strategies: established combustion of residual waste; pre-treatment of residual waste and energy recovery from Solid Recovered Fuel in a dedicated plant, usually assumed to be a gasifier; pre-treatment of residual waste and reliance on the market to accept the ‘fuel from waste’ so produced. Each energy recovery strategy will result in a different solution in terms of the technology selected; moreover, on the basis of the favoured solution, the total number, scale and location of thermal treatment plants built in England will dramatically change. To support the evaluation and comparison of these three WM strategy in terms of global environmental impacts, energy recovery possibilities and performance with respect to changing ‘fuel from waste’ market conditions, the LCA comparison of eight alternative WM scenarios for a real case study dealing with a large flow of municipal wastes was performed with the modelling tool WRATE. The large flow of waste modelled allowed to formulate and assess realistic alternative WM scenarios and to design infrastructural systems which are likely to correspond to those submitted for approval to the local authorities. The results show that all alternative scenarios contribute to saving abiotic resources and reducing global warming potential. Particularly relevant to the current English debate, the performance of a scenario was shown to depend not from the thermal treatment technology but from a combination of parameters, among which most relevant are the efficiency of energy recovery processes (both electricity and heat) and the calorific value of residual waste and pre-treated material. The contribution and relative importance of recycling and treatment/recovery processes change with the impact category. The lack of reprocessing plants in the area of the case study has shown the relevance of transport distances for recyclate material in reducing the efficiency of a WM system. Highly relevant to the current English WM infrastructural debate, these results for the first time highlight the risk of a significant reduction in the energy that could be recovered by local WM strategies relying only on the market to dispose of the ‘fuel from waste’ in a non dedicated plant in the case that the SRF had to be sent to landfill for lack of treatment capacity.     

北京冬季PM2.5中元素碳、有机碳的污染特征

通过2003年1月对北京市区PM_2.5中元素碳(EC)、有机碳(OC)连续测量,分析了其污染特征。监测资料表明,北京市区PM_2.5中ρ(OC)高于ρ(EC),它们多在夜间高、白天低,且变化趋势大致相同。北京市区冬季ρ(OC) ρ(EC)的值较低。      

机动车源和民用燃料源颗粒物中有机碳和元素碳的排放特征

为了获取机动车源尾气和主要民用燃料源燃烧过程排放的颗粒物中含碳气溶胶的排放特征,使用多功能便携式稀释通道采样器和Model 5L-NDIR型OC/EC分析仪,采集分析了典型机动车源(汽油车、轻柴油车、重柴油车)、民用煤(块煤和型煤)和生物质燃料(麦秆、木板、葡萄树树枝)的PM₁₀和PM_2.5样品中的有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC).结果表明,不同排放源释放的PM₁₀和PM_2.5中含碳气溶胶的质量分数存在显著差异.总碳(TC)在不同源PM₁₀和PM_2.5中的质量分数范围分别为40.8%～68.5%和30.5%～70.9%,OC/EC范围分别为1.49～31.56和1.90～87.57.不同源产生的含碳气溶胶均以OC为主,OC在PM₁₀和PM_2.5中的质量分数范围分别为56.3%～97.0%和65.0%～98.7%.在PM₁₀和PM_2.5的含碳气溶胶中OC质量分数按照从高到低...     

廊坊市开发区冬季颗粒物碳组分污染特征及来源分析

廊坊市是北京市及周边传输通道“2+26”城市之一.为研究廊坊市开发区冬季颗粒物中碳组分污染特征,于2018年1月5日—2月5日在廊坊市开发区国控点位同步开展PM_2.5及PM₁₀样品采集,使用DRI分析OC（有机碳）与EC（元素碳）的质量浓度.结果表明:廊坊开发区冬季ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（PM₁₀）分别为（54.5±46.0）（91.0±58.2）μg/m3.PM_2.5中ρ（OC）、ρ（EC）分别为14.64、3.54 μg/m3,PM₁₀中分别为17.07、4.58 μg/m3;PM_2.5、PM₁₀中ρ（OC）与ρ（EC）相关性均较好,R2均为0.91（P < 0.01）,表明二者具有相似的来源;在PM_2.5和PM₁₀中OC/EC〔ρ（OC）/ρ（EC）,下同〕分别为4.46和4.16,ρ（SOC）（SOC为二次有机碳）分别为6.15和5.88 μg/m3,分别占ρ（OC）的42.1%和37.7%,表明二次污染较严重.碳组分丰度及主成分分析结果表明,PM_2.5与PM₁₀中碳组分来源基本一致,主要来源于汽车尾气、水溶性极性化合物、生物质燃烧及燃煤的混合源,柴油车排放,以及道路扬尘.后向气流轨迹聚类结果表明,颗粒物及碳组分质量浓度受途径内蒙古自治区及河北省中部、北京市南部气团的影响较大;对于碳组分来源,道路扬尘及汽车尾气受气团传输的影响较大,而生物质燃烧、燃煤等受气团传输的影响较小.研究显示,汽车尾气、燃烧源及道路扬尘为廊坊市开发区冬季碳组分的主要来源.      

南通市重污染过程PM_(2.5)中OC/EC浓度水平及污染特征分析

采用EC/OC在线分析仪连续监测数据,结合空气自动监测站监测的PM_(2.5)浓度数据和气象参数,对南通市几次重污染过程进行了分析。结果表明,OC/EC浓度随PM_(2.5)浓度变化趋势基本一致,重污染过程中明显升高,是导致南通市重污染天气的重要元素之一。重污染过程中存在明显的二次有机碳污染,且重污染程度越高,二次有机污染越严重。单次重污染过程OC/EC来源基本相同,仅凭OC/EC的比值判断污染物来源是不充分的。污染过程中TC(OC+EC)的上升幅度较PM_(2.5)中其他组分低,污染后其下降幅度也相对较低。     

大连市PM2.5中有机碳和元素碳的季节变化特征和来源分析研究

2014年1月-2014年12月期间,在大连市对PM2.5的质量浓度和含碳气溶胶进行了在线连续观测,获得了不同季节的含碳气溶胶的变化特征.观测结果显示:大连市PM2.5中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的年平均质量浓度分别为6.9 μg/m3和2.9 μg/m3,OC和EC浓度之和占PM2.5的18%,表明碳质气溶胶是大连市大气细粒子中的重要组分.OC和EC的比值表明机动车尾气、燃煤排放和船舶排放是大连市PM2.5中OC和EC的主要来源.重污染过程期间OC/EC的比值和PM2.5的变化趋势呈负相关关系可以作为判定外来污染输送的一个重要指标.