某实际染整废水深度处理过程中无机组分与溶解性有机物的变化

近年来超滤（UF）-反渗透（RO）组合工艺逐渐在印染废水深度处理中得到推广应用,但目前对实际染整废水深度处理过程中无机与有机组分变化特征的研究仍有不足。研究考察了某实际染整废水的UF-RO深度处理工艺过程中无机离子、溶解性有机物（DOM）组分特征与来源解析。结果表明,实际染整废水深度处理工艺过程中,UF-RO工艺对常规污染物去除显著,但RO出水中仍存在有机氮;该工艺可显著去除染整废水中高芳香度、高分子量、疏水性的DOM,而陆源输入、腐殖化程度相对较低的DOM可透过RO膜。染整废水中主要阳离子为Na、Ca和K,阴离子为$ {mathrm{C}mathrm{l}}^{-} $、$ {mathrm{S}mathrm{O}}_{4}^{2-} $ 和$ {mathrm{H}mathrm{C}mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-} $,RO单元对Fe、Si和Al的去除率为55.4%—83.6%,对K、Ca、Na、Mg的去除率达到96.3%—100%;RO膜对Mg的浓缩倍数最高,RO膜上 Fe和Al相比Ca和Si更难被洗脱。UF单元可显著截留富里酸类DOM,RO出水则仅存在色氨酸类（Ex/Em=235/335 nm）和酪氨酸类（Ex/Em=225/285 nm）荧光峰,其中Ex/Em=235/335 nm峰为染料相关的荧光峰。除RO出水外,其它水样DOM均以内源输入为主,RO出水则兼具自生源输入和陆源输入特征。这些研究结果可以为人们进一步了解实际染整废水深度处理过程中水质变化特征及RO膜性能提供参考价值。     

三维荧光光谱结合荧光区域指数分析方法评估堆肥腐熟度

评估堆肥腐熟度是确保堆肥产品质量的重要保证. 采用三维荧光光谱结合荧光区域指数分析方法快速评估菜粕和稻糠堆肥过程中的腐熟度. 结果表明:菜粕和稻糠堆肥可在16 d内完成一次发酵,其中第7～14天为高温期(>50 ℃,共8 d);随后,堆体进入降温期,第16天降至32 ℃. 堆肥初期(第0～6天)DOC(溶解性有机碳)、DON(溶解性有机氮)质量浓度和EC(电导率)先稳定在一个较低的水平;在堆肥高温期(第7～14天),ρ(DOC)、 ρ(DON)和EC则分别迅速升至10.47 mg/L、7.52 mg/L和5.76 mS/cm. 堆肥腐熟度相关指标〔即ρ(DOC)、 ρ(DON)和EC〕与FRI(荧光区域指数)方法中P_Ⅲ,n、P_Ⅴ,n、P_Ⅴ,n/P_Ⅲ,n指标的变化趋势一致,并且具有极显著相关性(R>0.942,P<0.01);而与P_Ⅰ,n变化趋势相反,也具有显著的相关性(R<-0.871,P<0.05). 因此,P_Ⅲ,n、P_Ⅴ,n、P_Ⅴ,n/P_Ⅲ,n与P_Ⅰ,n可以用于表征堆肥腐熟度.      

西安市冬季道路扬尘中有机质组成特征及其氧化潜势

道路是城市人群户外活动暴露大气颗粒物的主要场所,道路颗粒物中含有的某些氧化活性物质是诱导产生活性氧,进而危害人体健康的重要组分.探索西安市道路扬尘中水溶性(WSM)和甲醇溶性组分(MSM)中有机质组成特征及其氧化潜势(OP),并基于平行因子分析(PARAFAC)研究了有机组分以及分布状况,还分析有机质类型与OP之间的相关性.结果表明,西安市道路扬尘中水不溶性组分含有更多的发色团有机物质,其总浓度平均值为(4.71±1.27)×10⁴ R.U.,是WSM的12倍[(3.96±1.10)×10³ R.U.],其中低氧化性类腐殖质(HULIS)是主要有机质(占总有机质的34.8%～43.7%).聚类分析结果显示西安市道路扬尘中有机质的重要来源为燃料燃烧和工业生产.扬尘氧化毒性(以DTT计)的平均值是(0.34±0.08) pmol·(min·μg)^-1,其中水不溶性组分提供了扬尘颗粒物总氧化毒性的70%,是水溶性组分的2.4倍.扬尘颗粒物氧化毒性的主要前驱物为金属元素,特殊类型的有机物质也是重要氧化毒性前驱物质之一,其中发色团...     

Fluorescence excitation–emission matrix spectra coupled with parallel factor and regional integration analysis to characterize organic matter humification

The present several humification indexes cannot provide the whole fluorescence information on organic matter composition and the evaluation results from them are inconsistent sometimes. In this study, fluorescence excitation–emission matrix spectra coupled with parallel factor analysis and fluorescence regional integration analysis were utilized to investigate organic matter humification, and the projection pursuit cluster (PPC) model was applied to form a suitable index for overcoming the difficulties in multi-index evaluation. The result showed that the ratio between the volume of humic- and fulvic-like fluorescence region and the volume of protein-like fluorescence region not only revealed the heterogeneity of organic matter, but also provided more accurate information on organic matter humification. In addition, the results showed that the PPC model could be used to characterize integrally the humification, and the projected characteristic value calculated from the PPC model could be used as the integrated humification evaluation index.     

Fluorescence excitation-emission spectroscopy with regional integration analysis for assessment of compost maturity

Composting of animal manures is believed as an alternative way for directly recycling them in farms, and therefore assessment of compost maturity is crucial for achieving high quality compost. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) combined with regional integration analysis is presented to assess compost maturity. The results showed that the EEM contours of water-extract organic matter (WEOM) from immature composts exhibited four peaks at excitation/emission (Ex/Em) of 220/340 nm, 280/340 nm, 220/410 nm, and 330/410 nm, whereas EEM contour of WEOM from mature composts had only two peaks at Ex/Em of 230/420 nm and 330/420 nm. Pearson correlation demonstrated that peaks intensity rather than their ratios had a significantly correlation with the common indices assessing compost maturity, whereas the normalized excitation-emission area volumes (Φ_i,ns) from regional integration analysis had a stronger correlation with the common indices assessing compost maturity than peaks intensity. It is concluded that the Φ_i,ns from regional integration analysis are more suitable to assess the maturity of compost than the intensities of peaks. Therefore, the fluorescence spectroscopy combined with regional integration analysis can be used as a valuable industrial and research tool for assessing compost maturity, given its high sensitivity and selectivity.     

厌氧氨氧化反应过程的三维荧光光谱解析

采用三维荧光光谱表征了厌氧氨氧化UASB反应器启动过程中和有机冲击负荷条件下的出水样品,应用平行因子分析方法解析样品中各主成分的三维荧光光谱图。研究结果表明,反应器启动阶段,出水中含有类蛋白质、类富里酸和类腐殖酸物质,主要源于接种污泥的菌体自溶和残留有机物厌氧发酵。随着反应器的运行,出水中的类蛋白质,类富里酸物质和类腐殖酸荧光物质逐渐减少。在有机冲击负荷条件下,出水中的类蛋白质组分迅速增加并成为反应器出水中的主要荧光物质。该研究为厌氧氨氧化的启动及运行控制的监控表征提供了新的方法。     

分层型水源水库溶解性有机物性质及其膜污染特性

利用激发-发射矩阵(EEM)荧光光谱和紫外吸收光谱研究了深水型水源水库热分层期溶解性有机物(DOM)性质及其膜污染特性随水深的变化.结果表明,水体热分层导致DOM质量浓度和性质也表现出分层特征.变温层受光化学降解影响较大,DOM质量浓度较低,同时受藻类等浮游植物分泌的内源有机物影响,DOM芳香度较低,类富里酸有机物(C1组分)和类腐殖酸有机物(C2组分)荧光强度较低,但类色氨酸有机物(C3组分)荧光强度较高;斜温层DOM受径流输入影响较大,DOM质量浓度和芳香度较高,C1和C2组分荧光强度较高.膜污染方面,变温层DOM造成的总污染最大,但可逆性较好,斜温层和等温层DOM造成的总污染较低,但可逆性较差;对超滤过程中不同荧光组分迁移的分析表明,超滤膜对C3组分截留率较高,但反冲洗对被截留的C3组分去除效果较好,而被膜截留的C1和C2组分较难被反冲洗去除.     

Insights on the solubilization products after combined alkaline and ultrasonic pre-treatment of sewage sludge

This work provides insights on the solubilization products after a simultaneous combination of alkaline and ultrasonic(ALK + ULS) pre-treatment of sewage sludge.Soluble chemical oxygen demand(SCOD) increased from 1200 to 11,000 mg/L after such treatment. Organics with molecular weight around 5.6 k Da were solubilized because of the synergistic effect of ultrasound and alkali. Organics with molecular weight larger than300 k Da increased from 7.8% to 60%, 16% and 42.3% after ULS, ALK and ALK + ULS treatment, respectively. Excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy analysis identified soluble microbial product-like and humic acid-like matters as the main solubilization products. Sludge anaerobic biodegradability was significantly enhanced with the simultaneous application of ALK + ULS pre-treatment. ALK + ULS pre-treatment resulted in 37.8% biodegradability increase compared to the untreated sludge. This value was higher compared to the biodegradability increase induced by individual ALK pre-treatment(5.7%) or individual ULS pre-treatment(20.7%) under the same conditions applied.     

Different analysis techniques for fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy to assess compost maturity

Assessment of compost maturity is essential for achieving high quality compost. In this study, fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy combined with different analysis techniques was applied to improve the sensitivity of compost maturity assessment. Results showed that composts in two parallel piles could be believed mature after 37 d when combined with the evolution of temperature, chemical and biological indices in the two piles. Pearson correlation between the common maturity indices and fluorescence analysis parameters demonstrated that fluorescence regional integration (FRI) had a higher correlation coefficient than that of fluorescence intensities and the ratios of peaks, suggesting that FRI technique is more suitable to characterize the maturity of compost than the other two analysis techniques, i.e., peak intensity and peak ratio. Furthermore, the fluorescence spectroscopy combined with FRI analysis could be used as a valuable industrial and research tool for assessing compost maturity.     

神农架大九湖泥炭地孔隙水溶解有机碳特征及其影响因素

溶解性有机碳（Dissolved Organic Carbon, DOC）是泥炭地碳循环的重要组成部分。以往的研究大多集中在北方泥炭地,而对亚热带季风区泥炭地DOC动力学的认识十分有限。利用紫外可见光光谱（UV-Vis）和三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析法（EEM-PARAFAC）研究了神农架大九湖泥炭地孔隙水的DOC浓度与化学组成及其影响因素。EEM-PARAFAC的结果表明：大九湖泥炭地孔隙水DOC主要包含3种类腐殖质组分。紫外可见光和荧光指标表明,泥炭孔隙水DOC表观分子较小,而芳香度较高。深度剖面数据表明,泥炭孔隙水DOC浓度随深度降低,0~10 cm深度浓度最高为24.16 mg/L,150~160 cm深度浓度最低为9.72 mg/L,并且深层DOC以微生物代谢产生的新鲜有机物为主,具有较低的腐殖化度。此外,氧化还原电位（ORP）与DOC浓度及化学性质关系密切。以上结果表明,在亚热带泥炭地中,微生物来源或受微生物改造的有机物是泥炭孔隙水DOC的重要组成部分;垂向输送或选择性保存是影响该亚热带亚高山泥炭地DOC动力学的重要因素。