Bayes Estimation of a Distribution Function Using Ranked Set Samples

Aranked set sample (RSS), if not balanced, is simply a sample of independent order statistics gener- ated from the same underlying distribution F. Kvam and Samaniego (1994) derived maximum likelihood estimates of F for a general RSS. In many applications, including some in the environ- mental sciences, prior information about F is available to supplement the data-based inference. In such cases, Bayes estimators should be considered for improved estimation. Bayes estimation (using the squared error loss function) of the unknown distribution function F is investigated with such samples. Additionally, the Bayes generalized maximum likelihood estimator (GMLE) is derived. An iterative scheme based on the EM Algorithm is used to produce the GMLE of F. For the case of squared error loss, simple solutions are uncommon, and a procedure to find the solution to the Bayes estimate using the Gibbs sampler is illustrated. The methods are illustrated with data from the Natural Environmental Research Council of Great Britain (1975), representing water discharge of floods on the Nidd River in Yorkshire, England     

EM生物技术在改善农村生态环境中的应用

EM是由光合菌群等10个属80多种微生物混合培养而成，它在降低农药化肥的使用、改善土壤性状、减少粪便污染、提高农副产品质量等方面具有良好的作用，对改善农村生态环境、生产绿色农副产品有着巨大的潜力。     

EM在SBR反应器处理医院污水中的应用

处理医院污水常用的A20工艺和AB工艺，磷酸盐去除效果不甚理想，虽然在生物除磷的基础上，补加化学混凝沉淀方法，但去除效果稳定性差。经研究，EM菌＋化学除磷强化SBR工艺对COD去除率为〉90％。出水磷酸盐浓度达到或接近一级排放标准。     

EM在污水生物降解中的试验研究

利用有效微生物EM富集培养液进行污水处理试验 ,试验结果表明 :(1)EM富集培养液能有效处理高浓度污水 ;(2 )与单独的活性污泥处理相比 ,在活性污泥中投加EM富集培养液可以大大增强对污水处理能力     

高层天台移动通信天线电磁辐射影响水平探讨

监测并分析移动通信基站在高层建筑天台架设的定向天线对周围环境的电磁辐射影响水平,探讨高层建筑天台电磁辐射环境的污染防治对策。     

EM技术在黄姜加工废水处理中的应用

混合种属的协同优势对废水的降解优于单一菌属,采用EM技术处理黄姜加工废水,投资费用低,有其独特的优越性。只要加强中控管理:pH值、温度、处理时间,即可确保水质达标排放。     

氨基黑10B的EM脱色研究

研究采用有效微生物(EM)对偶氮染料氨基黑10B进行脱色试验研究.试验结果表明.通过对 EM 茵种的培养务件的筛选试验.得到了活性强的、种类多的复合微生物茵群,其中酵母茵和乳酸茵占70%左右.其它茵种为光合细茵、放线茵以及霉茵等.而且该茵种在敞开静止培养方式、红糖质量浓度为lg/L、氨基黑10B的质量浓度为24mg/L条件下有利于生长.     

Inverse modeling for effective dispersal: Do we need tree size to estimate fecundity?

The estimation of the dispersal kernel for the seedling and sapling stages of the recruitment process was made possible through the application of inverse modeling to dispersal data. This method uses the spatial coordinates of adult trees and the counts of seedlings (or saplings) in small quadrats to estimate the dispersal kernel. The unknown number of recruits produced by an adult tree (the fecundity) is estimated - simultaneously with the dispersal kernel - via an allometric linear model relating the unknown quantity with a (easily) measured characteristic of the adult tree (usually the basal area). However, the allometric relation between tree size and reproductive success in the sapling (or seedling) stage may not be strong enough when numerous, well-documented, post-dispersal processes (such as safe-site limitation for recruitment) cause large post-dispersal seedling mortality, which is usually unrelated to the size of the tree that dispersed them. In this paper we hypothesize that when tree size and reproductive success in the seedling/sapling stage are not well correlated then the use of allometry in inverse modeling is counter-productive and may lead to poor model fits. For these special cases we suggest using a new model for effective dispersal that we term the unrestricted fecundity (UF) model that, contrary to allometric models, makes no assumptions on the fecundities; instead they are allowed to vary freely from one tree to another and even to be zero for trees that are reproductively inactive. Based on this model, we examine the hypothesis that when tree size and reproductive success are weakly correlated and the fecundities are estimated independently of tree size the goodness-of-fit and the ecological meaning of dispersal models (in the seedling or sapling stage) may be enhanced. Parameters of the UF model are estimated through the EM algorithm and their standard errors are approximated via the observed information matrix. We fit the UF model to a dataset from an expanding European beech population of central Spain as well as to a set of simulated dispersal data were the correlation between reproductive success and tree size was moderate. In comparisons with a simple allometric model, the UF model fitted the data better and the parameter estimates were less biased. We suggest using this new approach for modeling dispersal in the seedling and sapling stages when tree size (or other adult-specific covariates) is not deemed to be in strong relation to the reproductive success of adults. Models that use covariates for modeling the fecundity of adults should be preferred when reproductive success and tree size guard a strong relationship.     

磁流体波的穿透对地表电磁环境的影响

本文用两点边值问题的方法数值求解了磁流体波在穿透中纬度电离层和大气层的传播,给出了其对地表电磁环境的影响。在假设磁流体竖直入射,并且大地为理想导体的边界条件下,运用IMSL的子程序BVPFD计算给出了数值结果,数值结果显示磁流体波在穿透电离层和大气层的传播过程中,电场在低电离层和大气层逐渐衰减,在地面达到零,而磁场能够穿透电离层和大气层而到达地面,但在到达地面时衰减了一个量级。这对我们改善环境电磁辐射的监测,去除电磁监测过程中的本底干扰具有一定的启示参考作用。     

添加EM菌对蚯蚓处理鲜牛粪的影响

蚯蚓处理鲜牛粪时,添加EM菌,通过堆制过程中pH、温度、速效养分含量、种子发芽率指数的变化以及添加EM菌对蚯蚓生长繁殖的影响,研究添加EM菌对蚯蚓处理鲜牛粪的影响。结果表明:加EM菌能显著提高蚯蚓的日增重倍数,对蚯蚓日繁殖倍数影响不大,以添加EM菌质量分数0.4%为宜。整个堆制过程加EM菌和未加EM菌的处理温度均未超过30℃,但在最初7d加EM菌处理的堆体温度略高于气温,在夏季利用蚯蚓处理鲜牛粪时,应注意翻堆散热,以利于蚯蚓生长。加EM菌能使鲜牛粪的初始pH从9.28降至8.76,利于蚯蚓适应环境。加EM菌能增加堆肥中速效氮、速效钾含量。加EM菌和未加EM菌的处理种子发芽指数均随堆制时间的增加而增大,堆制50d后种子发芽指数均达85%左右,且两者无显著差异,说明在蚯蚓处理鲜牛粪时,添加EM菌不能加速鲜牛粪的腐熟。