依法行政,促进环境执法的完善

环境执法是将环境法规中抽象的权利义务变成环境法中具体的权利义务的过程.环境执法是中国环境法制建设的一个重要组成部分.相关国家环保行政职能部门在行使行政权力时,享有很大的自由裁量权,他们能否合法有效地行使好行政权力,直接关系到国家的环保事业和发展.针对当前中国环境执法的现状及环境依法行政的重要意义,以期为政府制定相关环境执法政策、措施提供科学的决策依据和建议,提出了几点环境依法执法的构思:建立系统的、严谨的环境执法理论,树立崭新的执法理念,运用崭新的执法方式,严格依据法定程序办事,健全依法行政责任制和监督机制,推行政务公开,创建公正有效的执法环境.     

Interaction of DNA with aromatic hydrocarbons fraction in atmospheric particulates of Xigu District of Lanzhou, China

Voluminously epidemiological studies show that the relationships exist between the air pollution and human health and cancer. Aromatic hydrocarbons(AHs)in air form a large class of organic pollutants,which are widely in environment and many of them are known to be carcinogenic and/or mutagenic and contribute to ambient air pollution.In the past decades,bioassays mainly have been used to evaluate the toxicity of chemical mixtures in atmospheric particulates or aqueous environment.However,it is well known that the covalent complexes formed by carcinogens with DNA may be exert negative results in bioassay.So the main aim of this paper is to develop an evaluation method of toxicity effects of chemical mixtures in atmospheric particulates from chemical standpoint.In this study,the in vitro interaction of the AHs with DNA was investigated by absorption,fluorescence and resonance light scattering (RLS)spectroscopic techniques.The results showed that the AHs in the atmospheric particulates could combine with calf thymus DNA(ctDNA)and herring sperm DNA(hsDNA)without being activated or metabolized by organism,respectively.Intercalation may be present in the mechanism of interaction.The binding constants of the AHs with ctDNA and hsDNA were 2.5×10~2 and 2.0×10~3, respectively,which indicated that the interaction of the AHs with hsDNA is stronger than that with ctDNA.In addition,the relationships of dose-effect between the total mole concentration of chemical components and the ability of binding ctDNA and hsDNA were confirmed.This research made it possible to study the toxicity effects of chemical mixtures in atmospheric particulates by chemical method.It is believed that the composition and contents of unknown AHs and the interaction of DNA with AHs in atmospheric particulates of Xigu District of Lanzhou City,China are first reported in the past twenty years.     

载铝改性人造沸石对含氟水除氟效果的研究

采用盐酸浸泡活化和硫酸铝溶液浸泡改性的方法对人造沸石进行改性,用模拟高氟水样进行静态及动态除氟实验。动力学研究结果表明:吸附剂吸附速度快,30 min接近吸附平衡,吸附速率可用拟二级动力学方程描述。吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,饱和吸附量为5.07 mg/g,吸附平衡常数为0.060 2 L/mg。静态实验对浓度...     

基于粘弹性人工边界的掉层结构地震响应分析

为实现山地建筑结构土-结相互作用体系的动力分析,基于粘弹性人工边界理论,利用Matlab编写了用于Abaqus自动施加粘弹性人工边界与外源波动等效节点力的程序,采用该程序模拟的地基无限域外源波动模型的动力响应符合波动理论,验证了该程序的准确性.将采用粘弹性人工边界的土-结相互作用体系与底柱固接的刚性地基分别应用于山地地...     

土壤和底质中砷形态分析前处理技术

利用可溶性砷（包括有机砷、砷的无机含氧化合物）和硫化砷的特性进行砷的形态分析。在２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ盐酸中提取可溶性砷,与硫化砷进行分离,分别测定总砷和可溶性砷后差值为硫化砷,在９ｍｏｌ／Ｌ硫酸－碘化钾溶液中用苯萃取砷的无机含氧化合物与有机砷进行分离,可分别测定有机砷的砷的无机含氧化合物。     

Leaching behavior of copper from waste printed circuit boards with Brønsted acidic ionic liquid

In this work, a Brønsted acidic ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([bmim]HSO₄), was used to leach copper from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs, mounted with electronic components) for the first time, and the leaching behavior of copper was discussed in detail. The results showed that after the pre-treatment, the metal distributions were different with the particle size: Cu, Zn and Al increased with the increasing particle size; while Ni, Sn and Pb were in the contrary. And the particle size has significant influence on copper leaching rate. Copper leaching rate was higher than 99%, almost 100%, when 1 g WPCBs powder was leached under the optimum conditions: particle size of 0.1–0.25 mm, 25 mL 80% (v/v) ionic liquid, 10 mL 30% hydrogen peroxide, solid/liquid ratio of 1/25, 70 °C and 2 h. Copper leaching by [bmim]HSO₄ can be modeled with the shrinking core model, controlled by diffusion through a solid product layer, and the kinetic apparent activation energy has been calculated to be 25.36 kJ/mol.     

改性活性炭对石煤提钒废水中低浓度NH3-N和V等的吸附

为研究石煤提钒离交尾水的深度处理技术,利用质量分数为1%、5%和10%的过氧化氢溶液对ZWY15型活性炭进行改性,得到3种改性活性炭即1%AC、5%AC和10%AC;探讨其对该废水中低浓度的NH3-N、V等的吸附效果。实验结果表明:AC或改性AC的加入可使废水的碱度升高,随着吸附时间及吸附剂投加量的增加,升高幅度增大,且不同改性AC对废水碱度提高的幅度不同;相较于未改性活性炭,过氧化氢改性活性炭对V的吸附效果明显提高,去除率最大可提高30%,对NH3-N的去除率提升约11%;当投加量为60 g/L时,10%AC可使废水中V的浓度降低至1.88 mg/L,此时废水中Cr、Cd和Zn的浓度分别降低至0.006、0.010和0.036 mg/L,均低于《钒工业污染物排放标准》(GB26452-2011)所规定的排放限值。     

A Box-Behnken design for determining the optimum experimental condition of the fungicide (Vapam) sorption onto soil modified with perlite

In the present study, response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to investigate the effects of the different operating conditions on the removal of the fungicide (Vapam) onto soil modified with perlite using sorption process. The process parameters such as pH of the fungicide solution (2, 5 and 8), temperature (15, 25 and 35°C), shaking time (2, 13 and 24 h) and the percentage of perlite in the modified soil (0, 2 and 4 %) were investigated using a four-factor-three-level Box-Behnken design at an initial fungicide concentration of C₀ = 1.6 mg/L as a fixed input parameter. A second-order quadratic model suggested the optimum conditions to be as follows: fungicide solution pH of 3.57, temperature of 15°C, shaking time of 3.5 h and 4% of perlite in the modified soil which resulted in the improvement of Vapam sorption. Under optimum conditions, the fungicide (Vapam) removal was predicted 12.88 μg/g by BBD. The confirmatory experiments were conducted and the results revealed that the fungicide removal was 13.14 μg/g which indicated that the predicted and the observed values of response (Vapam removal) were in close agreement. Therefore, the soil modified with perlite holds good potential for Vapam sorption. This is the first report on fungicide Vapam sorption onto soil modified with perlite using statistical experimental design employing response surface methodology.     

A modified toxicity testing method using tropical marine microalgae

Toxicity testing of four heavy metals(Cd, Cu, Mn and As) using four species of tropicalmarine phytoplankton, Chaetoceros calcitrans, Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis tetrahele and Tetraselmis sp., was carried out in multiwellplates with test volumes of 2 mL and the resultscompared to those of standard, large volume,shake-flasks. IC₅₀ values (concentrations of metalsestimated to inhibit 50% growth relative to thecontrol) were determined after 96 hours based onautomated O.D. readings measured in Elisa microplatesby a Multiskan spectrophotometer. Good agreement wasachieved between O.D. readings and cell countsindicating that this new method is a simple,economical, practical and rapid technique for toxicitytesting, and provides good reproducibility of IC₅₀ values. Results of the toxicity testsindicate that Cu was the most toxic metal (averageIC₅₀ values ranging from 0.04 to 0.37 mg L^-1), followed by Cd (0.06–5.7 mg L^-1), Mn (7.2–21.4 mg L^-1) and As (33.9–319.3 mg L^-1).Test species had different degrees of sensitivity tothe metals tested, with I.galbana and C. calcitrans the mostsensitive to Cu, Cd and Mn. Based on these findingsit is recommended that the existing Malaysian InterimStandards for Marine Water Quality for Cd and Cu be reviewed.     

含油废水CODCr分析的探讨

分析了引起含油废水CODcr测值偏低的原因主要为取样误差，并通过实验验证其影响是巨大的。提出了通过加入表面活性剂AEO－9改善废水均值程度，提高分析结果准确性的解决办法。