硫酸盐还原菌混合菌群胞外聚合物对Zn2+的吸附和机理

硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）混合菌群分泌的胞外聚合物（EPS）能有效地吸附水溶液中的Zn^2＋在初始p（Zn^2＋）为500mg/L时，EPS对Zn^2＋的吸附量达到326．07mg/g，g。Freundlich方程能相对较好地拟合实验所得吸附数据。SRB混合菌群分泌的EPS的IR分析表明，EPS吸附Zn^2＋起主要作用的官能团是多聚糖C-O-C，羧基和脂类官能团，而蛋白质和多聚糖的-OH对Zn^2＋的结合能力有限。     

Ca2+对污泥硝化活性和絮凝沉降性能的影响

Ca~(2+)是微生物重要的生长因子,影响污泥的活性和絮凝沉降性能.为了研究Ca~(2+)在活性污泥体系中的作用,采用比耗氧速率(SOURAOB和SOURNOB)分析硝化菌和亚硝化菌活性的变化,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)和三维荧光光谱(three-dimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy,3D-EEM)分析胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)组分和结构的变化,考察Ca~(2+)对污泥硝化活性和代谢产物的影响.结果表明,当Ca~(2+)浓度由0. 45 mmol·L-1逐渐提高至3 mmol·L-1时,SOURAOB和SOURNOB分别由6. 3 mg·(g·h)-1和2. 3 mg·(g·h)-1升高至10. 4 mg·(g·h)-1和3. 7 mg·(g·h)-1,EPS总量由68 mg·g-1增加至93 mg·g-1,污泥重絮凝能力(FA)增强.当Ca~(2+) 3mmol·L-1时,SOURAOB和SOURNOB均下降,FA维持在30%左右,污泥粒径持续增大.随着Ca~(2+)浓度的增加,由FTIR分析可知,LB-EPS和TB-EPS的主要组成基团均未发生明显变化,以氨基、酰胺Ⅰ和羧基为主;由EEM分析可知,LB-EPS组成未发生变化,在低硝化速率下,TB-EPS中存在腐殖酸类物质.低浓度的Ca~(2+)促进污泥硝化活性和絮凝性,高浓度的Ca~(2+)导致污泥硝化活性降低.     

碳源胁迫下脱氮除磷颗粒污泥性能变化及其机制

在SBR反应器中,逐步提高颗粒污泥反应器进水葡萄糖比例(醋酸钠/葡萄糖比分别为1∶0、3∶1、1∶1、1∶3和0∶1,以COD计)研究碳源胁迫下,5个阶段污泥的物理性能、生化反应性能、胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)、磷组分以及反应器脱氮除磷等变化.反应器运行705 d结果表明,阶段Ⅳ污泥结构松散,平均粒径仅为0.5 mm,污泥释/吸磷速率、反硝化速率及总磷(total phosphorus,TP)含量最低,系统脱氮除磷效果最差;阶段Ⅰ和Ⅱ,污泥释/吸磷速率和反硝化速率较快,TP在72.36 mg·g~(-1)以上,EPS高达350 mg·g~(-1)左右,系统氮和磷去除率在94%以上;阶段V中,生化速率略慢于阶段Ⅰ和Ⅱ,污泥TP 69.60 mg·g~(-1),糖原高达224.18 mg·g~(-1),EPS约为200 mg·g~(-1),系统表现出良好的脱氮除磷性能.各阶段污泥中,与Ca结合态磷(Ca-P)是污泥中磷的主要构成,无机磷(inorganic phosphorus,IP)对颗粒污泥除磷有重要影响.     

Fenton试剂与CPAM联合调理对污泥脱水效果的影响研究

含水率是影响污泥处置效果与成本的重要因素,通过泥饼含水率、上清液COD、蛋白质、多糖质量浓度、污泥粒径等指标,研究了阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)和Fenton试剂单独及联合调理对污泥脱水效果的影响,初步探讨其调理机制.结果表明,CPAM阳离子度越高,脱水效果越好,且酸性条件有利于改善CPAM的污泥脱水效果.Fenton试剂H2O2投加量越高,污泥脱水效果越好.Fenton试剂与CPAM联合调理时污泥脱水效果更为显著,投加FeSO4=2 g.L-1、H2O2=6 g.L-1,污泥含水率由原泥的85.5%降低至76.7%,再投加CPAM 3 kg.t-1联合调理后污泥含水率降至74.8%.Fenton试剂对胞外聚合物的破解作用使污泥粒径变小,比表面积增大,释放部分的吸附水和内部水;CPAM与Fenton试剂的联合调理,将分散的污泥絮体凝聚,污泥平均粒径由35.16μm增至50.50μm,比表面积由未加入CPAM的0.39 m2.g-1降至0.20 m2.g-1,联合调理对污泥脱水效果的改善作用优于单一絮凝剂调理.     

营养失衡下的分层分质EPS对异型膨胀污泥及其沉降性差异影响

为探索EPS对膨胀污泥沉降性的影响,通过减少进水P源、N源的方式培养异型膨胀活性污泥,分析不同层、不同组分EPS对异型膨胀污泥沉降性影响.结果表明：异型膨胀（非丝状菌粘性膨胀、丝状菌膨胀）活性污泥EPS多糖组分Total-PS、中层组分（L-PS）含量均高于正常污泥.非丝状菌粘性膨胀污泥EPS各层多糖含量高于丝状菌膨胀污泥,而各层蛋白质（PN）含量均低于丝状菌膨胀污泥.非丝状菌粘性膨胀污泥Total-EPS（（229±94）mg/g MLSS）、PS/PN值不仅显著高于正常活性污泥（（86±16）mg/g MLSS）,也高于丝状菌膨胀污泥（（108±30）mg/g MLSS）.非丝状菌粘性膨胀污泥EPS多糖总量Total-PS、蛋白质总量Total-PN越高,SVI值越大,污泥沉降性越差,越易膨胀,且EPS蛋白质组分对污泥膨胀作用大于多糖;从不同层EPS看,松散外层（S层）EPS对非丝状菌粘性膨胀作用最大（S-PN与SVI值相关性最大,r为0.881,P<0.05）,是主要影响因子.丝状菌膨胀污泥,除了内层紧密型T-PN对SVI值影响较大外,其他各层、各组分EPS含量与SVI均呈微弱负相关.     

水力停留时间对活性炭生物转盘处理污染河水的影响

将生物转盘与活性炭网状填料相结合,进行活性炭吸附实验并采用河水直接挂膜,探究在盘片最佳转速下,不同水力停留时间对活性炭生物转盘去除NH_4~+-N、TP、高锰酸盐指数以及生物膜特性的影响.结果表明,Freundlich等温线显示活性炭对水中NH_4~+-N、TP、高锰酸盐指数有较好的吸附性能.盘片转速为3 r·min-1时,NH_4~+-N、TP、高锰酸盐指数去除率分别为86.05%、81.28%、77.09%,去除性能最佳.水力停留时间对去除NH_4~+-N、TP存在显著线性相关(R20.9)且去除率存在显著差异(P0.05),而对高锰酸盐指数不存在显著线性相关且去除率差异不显著(P0.05).HRT对生物膜活性、蛋白多糖以及S-EPS、LB-EPS、TB-EPS三维荧光峰均有影响.     

Reduction in global habitat loss from fossil-fuel-dependent increases in cropland productivity

Terrestrial biodiversity loss and climate change, driven mainly by loss of habitat to agriculture and fossil fuel (FF) use, respectively, are considered among the world's greatest environmental threats. However, FF-dependent technologies are currently essential for manufacturing synthetic nitrogen fertilizers (SNFs) and synthetic pesticides (SPs) critical to increasing agricultural productivity, which reduces habitat loss. Fossil fuel use increases CO₂ levels, further enhancing agricultural productivity. Based on estimates of global increases in yields from SNFs, SPs, and atmospheric CO₂ fertilization, I estimated that FF-dependent technologies are responsible for at least 62.5% of current global food production (GFP) from cropland. Thus, if FF use is eschewed in the future, maintaining current GFP means croplands would have to increase from 12.2% of global land area (GLA) excluding Antarctica to 32.7%. The additional 20.4% of GLA needed exceeds habitat lost currently to cropland (12.2% of GLA) and cumulative conservation areas globally (14.6% of GLA). Thus, although eliminating FF use could reduce climate change, its unintended consequences may be to significantly exacerbate biodiversity loss and indirectly increase food costs, reducing food security which, moreover, disproportionately affects the poor. Although it may be possible to replace SNFs and SPs with FF-free technologies, such substitutes have not yet been demonstrated to be sufficiently economical or efficient. In the interim, meeting global food demand and keeping food prices affordable would increase habitat conversion and food prices. These trade-offs should be considered in analyses of climate change policies.     

实际污水培养好氧颗粒污泥及其特性研究

采用实际城市污水在序批式反应器(SBR)中试装置中成功培养出好氧颗粒污泥.颗粒污泥的沉降速率>21 m·h-1,显示了良好的沉降性能.颗粒污泥对化学需氧量(COD)、氮(N)、磷(P)具有同步去除的能力.在3 h的运行周期中,反应器出水COD<50 mg·L-1,氨氮(NH+4-N)<5.0 mg·L-1,总氮(TN)<15 mg·L-1,对TN和总磷(TP)的去除率达到50%.采用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(CLSM)对好氧颗粒污泥的结构分析表明,好氧颗粒污泥的胞外多聚物(EPS)在整个颗粒污泥中均匀地分布,构成颗粒污泥的骨架.对颗粒污泥的X射线衍射(XRD)分析显示,在好氧颗粒污泥的内部存在许多无机矿物质,在颗粒污泥形成初期,废水中的无机成分可能具有"晶核"的作用.     

超声波树脂联用法提取活性污泥中的胞外聚合物

考察了超声波树脂联用法提取活性污泥中胞外聚合物的影响因素,确定了最佳提取条件.试验结果表明,树脂量为60 g/g VSS,在摇床振摇强度250 r/min下处理4 h,再进行超声处理2 min,EPS提取量接近理论含量,即污泥干重的15%,与阳离子树脂法相比,EPS提取物中DNA的百分含量较低,即对细胞的破坏程度更小,说明超声波树脂联用法稳定、高效,是一种较佳的提取方法.     

Effect of 2-butenal manufacture wastewater to methanogenic activity and microbial community

The inhibition ratio sharply increased with the increasing COD. The absorbance of UV-vis at 420 nm showed a linear correlation with the SMA. The molecular structure of EPS has changed when COD was 9585 mg/L. Illumina Miseq sequencing was employed to reveal the microbial composition. The synthesis of 2-butenal, which is a vital raw material for the production of sorbic acid as a food preservative, generates some toxic by-products, so it is urgent to seek better detoxification strategies for the treatment of 2-butenal manufacture wastewater. In this study, batch experiments were carried out to investigate the inhibition effect of wastewater on the methanogenic activity. To understand the wastewater toxicity to anaerobic granular sludge, variations of the specific methanogenic activity (SMA) and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) constituents at various wastewater CODs were investigated. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were employed to analyze the structure of the EPS. The results showed that the inhibitory ratio of 2-butenal manufacture wastewater was less than 8.4% on the anaerobic granular sludge when the CODs were less than 959 mg/L. However, the inhibitory ratio increased from 36.4% to 93.6% when CODs increased from 2396 mg/L to 9585 mg/L, with the SMA decreasing from 39.1 mL CH₄/(gVSS·d) to 3.2 mL CH₄/(gVSS·d). The diversity of the microbial community under various CODs was researched by Illumina 16S rRNA Miseq sequencing and the results demonstrated that Proteiniphilum、Petrimonas and Syntrophobacter were the dominant bacteria genera in all sample. Regarding archaea, Methanobacterium was the most dominated archaea genera, followed by the Methanosaeta group in all samples. Moreover, the bacterial communities had changed obviously with increasing CODs, which indicated high CODs played a negative impact on the richness and diversity of bacterial community in the sludge samples.