胞外聚合物的提取、组成及其对污泥性质的影响

胞外聚合物(Extracellular Polymeric Substances,EPS)即附着于污泥细胞表面的不溶性有机聚合物,主要来源于微生物新陈代谢和细胞自溶。EPS化学组成十分复杂,其主要成分为多糖和蛋白质(占70%-80%)。由于EPS极大地影响着污泥絮体的凝聚性质,因此它在控制和改善污泥处理过程中起着举足轻重的作用。     

汽车EPS系统的行车工况补偿控制策略

针对汽车在常见转向工况时转向的操纵性和安全性不足问题,提出将常见工况补偿控制策略融合到汽车EPS助力控制中,将汽车速度、汽车质量、方向盘左右晃动考虑在内,设计了高速避让、低速满载、颠簸路面3种补偿控制策略;并理论分析加入高速避让、低速满载、颠簸路面3种补偿策略后,方向盘、齿条位移和汽车横摆角速度增减值的变化;最后,通过搭建汽车EPS系统模型和二自由度汽车模型进行仿真验证。仿真结果表明,采用补偿控制策略后,汽车在高速、低速大重量及于凹凸不平的路面行驶时,助力电机目标电流的获取与汽车行驶的内外环境紧密相连,且可随行车条件的改变而适时改变,使汽车EPS系统具有了更好的操纵性和安全性。     

苯胺黑药高效降解菌(Bacillus vallismortis)胞外聚合物去除重金属的研究

微生物胞外聚合物(Extracellular Polymeric Substances,EPS)在废水中重金属的吸附去除过程中起着非常重要的作用.苯胺黑药高效降解菌(Bacillus vallismortis)对苯胺黑药有良好的降解能力,但对其吸附重金属的性能研究还不充分.因此,本文采用3种方法提取苯胺黑药高效降解菌的EPS,主要考察了p H、温度、底物浓度和时间对重金属去除效果的影响.结果表明,热提法提取的效率较高;p H对金属离子吸附影响很大,当p H7时,随着p H变大吸附量逐渐升高,而温度对吸附量影响不大.EPS对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的去除为快速表面吸附过程,在第8 min时对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的去除率分别达到了90.7%、52.3%,EPS对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的吸附表观上符合拟二级动力学规律.在单一体系中,根据Langmuir方程计算出EPS对Cu~(2+)的最大吸附量为2.155 mg·mg-1,对Zn~(2+)的最大吸附量为0.508 mg·mg-1;Cu~(2+)吸附过程与Freundlich方程拟合效果较好,Zn~(2+)吸附过程与Langmuir方程拟合效果较好.红外光谱分析结果表明,EPS表面的羟基、氨基、酰胺基团、羧基和C—O—C基团都参与了吸附,且Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)的吸附位点基本一致,本文的研究结果对工程实践具有一定的理论指导意义.     

Study on membrane fouling of submerged membrane bioreactor in treating bathing wastewater

A pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR) was used to treat the bathing wastewater for more than 90 d. Several factors affecting membrane fouling were studied, including the variation in transmembrane pressure (TMP), changes in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), and distribution of membrane resistance (R). The relationships between R and EPS concentration were found to be R = 0.00008(EPSS)2.915 in the mixed liquor (EPSS) and R = 0.2853(EPSm) - 0.824 on the membrane surface (EPSm). The constant...     

软水中EPS对铜管/磷酸盐体系溶解性铜释放的影响

以海藻酸钠模拟水体中的细胞外高聚物(EPS)，研究软水体系中海藻酸钠对铜管／磷酸盐缓蚀行为的影响，结果表明：低浓度海藻酸钠能明显提高软水一铜管一磷酸盐体系中溶解性铜的释放，从而降低磷酸盐对铜管的缓蚀效果，而且从新管释放的溶解性铜远高于老化6个月、12个月和10年的铜管，释放溶解铜的顺序为Cnew＞C6m＞C12m＞C10y；随着海藻酸钠含量的增加，溶解性铜的释放浓度降低，但仍高于对照试验．在低pH条件下，海藻酸钠对溶解性铜的释放影响显著，从新管释放的溶解性铜浓度低于老化6个月、12个月和10年的铜管，这可能是由于不同老化时间的铜管其腐蚀表面的组成不同，水质pH值明显影响这些腐蚀副产物的溶解性铜释放；在不同停留时间内，随着水体组成的变化，溶解性铜的释放浓度不断发生变化，表明海藻酸钠与铜离子形成的络合物影响磷酸与铜的相互作用，从而影响磷酸盐对铜管的缓蚀效果．     

Impact of Sand Dune Stabilization Structures on Soil and Yield of Millet in the Semi-Arid Region of NW Nigeria

The low-rainfall ecologies of the northern fringes of Nigeria are prone to desertification and sand dune activities that are phenomenal and extensive. Stabilization structures put in place by various governmental and non-governmental agencies to check desertification in northwestern Nigeria were evaluated with respect to efficiency, impact on soil development and yield of millet. The study focused on the active and stabilized sand dune formations in NW Nigeria. Various stabilization techniques were identified within Gidan Kaura (the study site) and results were compared with an unstabilized sand dune (control site). Results obtained indicated that the sand dunes within the study area are still active despite the numerous stabilization structures, some of which were established over 15 years ago. Shelterbelts were the most effective techniques in sand dune stabilization and soil development when properly sited across wind direction. Shelterbelts recorded significantly higher levels of pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, exchangeable bases and micronutrients except for copper, when compared with all other treatments. The least effective of all the structures was mechanical fencing, probably due to the inadequate quantity of plant residues used in its construction. The impact of the various structures on the physical and chemical soil properties was evaluated for surface soils as were the structures on the yield of millet in stabilized dunes and non-dune areas. The results are discussed in depth in this paper.     

The use of PLS algorithms and quantum chemical parameters derived from PM3 hamiltonian in QSPR studies on direct photolysis quantum yields of substituted aromatic halides

The Partial Least-Squares (PLS) method was used to further study Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship (QSPR) for photohydrolysis quantum yields of selected aromatic halides. The cluster of substituted bromobenzenes and iodobenzenes was further grouped into two clusters, substituted bromobenzenes and substituted iodobenzenes, for which QSPRs were obtained, respectively. The QSPRs obtained by PLS are more significant than those obtained in previous studies. The studies showed that only when the compounds belonging to different groups are studies separately, inherent relationships between molecular properties and their structure characteristics can be revealed. It can be generally concluded that the photohydrolysis quantum yields of the substituted aromatic halides are dependent on the overall characters of the molecules, the characters of the carbon–halogen bonds to be broken in the photolysis, and the character of the halogen atoms to be replaced in the photolysis. Electronegativity has great relevance to the photohydrolysis processes of the compounds. Substituted aromatic halides with large average molecular polarizability and molecular weight values tend to have low photolysis quantum yields.     

草酸、壳聚糖与CaO联合调理对污泥脱水性能的影响

为提高剩余污泥脱水性能,本文采用单因素实验确定草酸、壳聚糖和CaO各因素的影响水平范围,基于响应曲面优化法建立了污泥滤饼含水率预测模型,通过粒子群算法计算污泥滤饼含水率预测模型,优化草酸、壳聚糖与CaO联合调理污泥脱水的最佳配比,并分析了污泥调理过程中胞外聚合物（EPS）的变化特性,深入解析了污泥脱水的关键机制.结果表明,草酸、壳聚糖与CaO联合调理污泥能明显提高污泥脱水性能,调理后的污泥滤饼含水率为64.017%,最佳投加量分别为0.377,0.029,0.040g/g;模型拟合度良好（R²=0.9651）,方差分析表明草酸对于污泥滤饼含水率的影响为主要因素;草酸投加量与溶解型EPS（SL-EPS）呈显著正相关关系,而与紧密型EPS（TB-EPS）呈显著负相关关系.该研究成果可为剩余污泥脱水性能的提高提供技术与方法参考.     

预曝气及提取方法对活性污泥胞外聚合物的影响

为了获得更高的胞外聚合物质（EPS）得率及其对污染物的去除效果,比较了活性污泥预曝气时间及2种提取方法（超声法和甲醛+NaOH法）对提取EPS的影响,分析了EPS的荧光组分以及与污染物去除有关的基团差异.结果表明,污泥经过4h预曝气,EPS得率最高;甲醛+NaOH法提取的EPS是超声法的1.5~1.7倍;其中蛋白质、多糖、DNA含量分别是后者的1.4~1.7、0.8~2和2.3~2.7倍.甲醛+NaOH提取法获得的EPS对高岭土的絮凝率和对Cr³⁺的去除率分别高出超声法16%和33%,絮凝率和去除率分别达到了65%和63%.三维荧光光谱分析结果表明,甲醛+NaOH法提取的EPS中芳香蛋白和溶解性微生物代谢产物含量分别是超声法的1.4~1.9倍和1.8~2.4倍;胡敏酸类物质仅大量存在于甲醛+NaOH法提取的EPS中,且腐殖质与Cr³⁺去除率呈显著相关（P<0.01,R²=0.920）.红外光谱分析表明,甲醛+NaOH法提取的EPS中有区别于超声法的特殊基团,其中-OH、-COOH、-NH₂等基团与Cr³⁺发生了配位络合作用.     

炭材料强化污泥电脱水效果及同步燃料化处理

为研究炭材料调理对污泥电脱水性能及泥饼可燃性的影响,使用改性前后的活性炭和石墨对污泥进行预调理,对调理后的污泥进行电脱水实验,深入解析了炭材料调理前后污泥电脱水行为及泥饼可燃性的变化.研究表明：经炭材料调理后的污泥,阴极电脱水速率提升,相较于其他3种炭材料,石墨调理后的阴极电脱水速率提升最为明显,石墨的投加量5% TSS时,阴极平均脱水速率从0.074g/L上升到0.095g/L.炭材料可以提高污泥体系的电导性和污泥絮体的电泳淌度,使得阴极泥饼孔容有上升的趋势,阴极泥饼孔容从未投加炭材料时的0.1147cm³/g增加到AC-0、AC-1、AC-5、石墨的投加量为20% TSS时的0.119、0.122、0.146、0.157cm³/g;此外,炭材料加入后阴阳两极滤液中溶解有机物DOM和蛋白质组分浓度降低,可以缓解滤布堵塞;污泥电脱水过程中经炭材料调理后可以降低脱离每单位水所需要的能耗,未投加炭材料时去除每单位水所需能耗为6.75kW·h/kg_去除水,而当AC-0、AC-1、AC-5、石墨的投加量为20% TSS时,能耗分别降低到5.64、5.22、5.20、5.11kW·h/kg_去除水,且泥饼含水率从未投加炭材料时的58%降低至45%,固炭量增加,提高了泥饼的热值和可持续燃烧时间,当石墨的投加量为20% g/gTSS时,泥饼热值提高了17%.有利于后续焚烧资源化利用.