气溶胶水相反应生成二次有机气溶胶研究进展

液态水(云滴、雾滴和气溶胶水)在大气中无处不在,为大气水相化学反应提供了重要的场所.气态前体物(主要是VOCs)或它的气相初级氧化产物(包括中/半挥发性有机物,I/SVOCs)在大气凝聚相(水相)中发生反应,形成低挥发性高氧化性有机物(如有机硫和有机氮等),水分蒸发后留在颗粒相,即为水相二次有机气溶胶(aqueous-phase secondary organic aerosol,aq SOA).因其对OA具有重要的贡献和显著的环境、气候和人体健康影响,近年来成为大气化学研究的热点.尽管aq SOA的研究已取得了一些进展,但由于aq SOA形成机制复杂,对aq SOA的认知还比较匮乏.本文重点关注气溶胶水中反应生成的二次有机气溶胶(aqueous aerosol SOA,aa SOA)相关的研究进展,包括气态前体物、形成机制、实验室模拟、外场观测及有关aa SOA产率及贡献的相关研究成果.同时,对aa SOA的来源、生成机制等研究的发展方向进行了展望,包括:未知aa SOA前体物及示踪物鉴别、有机光敏剂诱发的自由基化学、有机硫和有机氮的形成机制、实际气溶胶水溶性组分和外场观测研究、模式模型研究等.     

NaCl盐度对A2/O工艺缺氧区胞外聚合物及生物絮凝性的影响

为了提高含盐废水的生物脱氮除磷效率和生物絮凝性,考察NaCl盐度对A~2/O工艺缺氧区脱氮除磷效率的影响,结合傅里叶变换红外光谱(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)与X射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS)分析缺氧区活性污泥胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)组分与结构变化,以期揭示盐度对生物絮凝性的影响.结果表明,当NaCl盐度为0~5 g·L~(-1)时,A~2/O缺氧区生物絮凝性良好,重絮凝性(flocculation ability,FA)约为44%,污泥粒径约为45.5μm,EPS含量为52.3~62 mg·L~(-1),PN/PS维持在2.1左右;当NaCl盐度由10 g·L~(-1)增加至40g·L~(-1)时,A~2/O缺氧区生物絮凝性显著降低,FA由40%下降至22%,污泥粒径由43.7μm减小至32.1μm,EPS含量由76.5 mg·L~(-1)增加至101.0 mg·L~(-1),PN/PS由1.5下降至1.3.随着NaCl盐度的增加,通过FTIR分析可知,EPS主要组成基团未发生明显变化,以氨基、酰胺Ⅰ和羧基为主;由XPS分析可知,EPS和Na+相互作用过程中部分基团(如C、O、N基团)发生电荷转移,但其存在形态未发生变化.     

缓冲液盐度对热提取活性污泥胞外聚合物的影响

采用热提取法提取污泥中微生物细胞外的胞外聚合物(Extracellular Polymeric Substance,EPS),分析了不同提取时间、提取温度、缓冲液盐度对污泥中EPS提取效果的影响,并采用平行因子模型(PARAFAC模型)分析了不同缓冲液盐度下EPS的荧光组分及特性,探究了缓冲液盐度对热提取污泥EPS的影响.结果表明,缓冲液盐度对热提取EPS的组分和荧光物质的强度均产生影响,0.50%的氯化钠缓冲液盐度条件下松散型EPS(loosely bound EPS,LB-EPS)组分含量及荧光物质最佳,0.05%氯化钠缓冲液盐度条件下紧密型EPS(tightly bound EPS,TB-EPS)的提取效果最佳;当提取时间为40 min,提取温度为70℃时,总EPS含量达(93.26±2.07)mg·g~(-1)(以VSS计);三维荧光结果显示,不同缓冲液盐度条件下污泥中EPS均包含类蛋白质(C1:λ_(Ex)/λ_(Em)=290 nm,302/350 nm)、类色氨酸(C2:λ_(Ex)/λ_(Em)=278 nm,340 nm)、类胡敏酸(C3:λ_(Ex)/λ_(Em)=310 nm,410 nm)和类腐殖酸(C4:λ_(Ex)/λ_(Em)=380/420 nm,474/514 nm)4类荧光组分峰,在溶解性EPS(SMP)和LB-EPS中类色氨酸的荧光强度最高,TB-EPS中类蛋白质荧光强度最高.因此,合适的热提取缓冲液盐度,有利于污泥EPS中各组分的高效提取.     

苯胺黑药高效降解菌(Bacillus vallismortis)胞外聚合物去除重金属的研究

微生物胞外聚合物(Extracellular Polymeric Substances,EPS)在废水中重金属的吸附去除过程中起着非常重要的作用.苯胺黑药高效降解菌(Bacillus vallismortis)对苯胺黑药有良好的降解能力,但对其吸附重金属的性能研究还不充分.因此,本文采用3种方法提取苯胺黑药高效降解菌的EPS,主要考察了p H、温度、底物浓度和时间对重金属去除效果的影响.结果表明,热提法提取的效率较高;p H对金属离子吸附影响很大,当p H7时,随着p H变大吸附量逐渐升高,而温度对吸附量影响不大.EPS对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的去除为快速表面吸附过程,在第8 min时对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的去除率分别达到了90.7%、52.3%,EPS对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的吸附表观上符合拟二级动力学规律.在单一体系中,根据Langmuir方程计算出EPS对Cu~(2+)的最大吸附量为2.155 mg·mg-1,对Zn~(2+)的最大吸附量为0.508 mg·mg-1;Cu~(2+)吸附过程与Freundlich方程拟合效果较好,Zn~(2+)吸附过程与Langmuir方程拟合效果较好.红外光谱分析结果表明,EPS表面的羟基、氨基、酰胺基团、羧基和C—O—C基团都参与了吸附,且Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)的吸附位点基本一致,本文的研究结果对工程实践具有一定的理论指导意义.     

Study on membrane fouling of submerged membrane bioreactor in treating bathing wastewater

A pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR) was used to treat the bathing wastewater for more than 90 d. Several factors affecting membrane fouling were studied, including the variation in transmembrane pressure (TMP), changes in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), and distribution of membrane resistance (R). The relationships between R and EPS concentration were found to be R = 0.00008(EPSS)2.915 in the mixed liquor (EPSS) and R = 0.2853(EPSm) - 0.824 on the membrane surface (EPSm). The constant...     

活性污泥胞外聚合物提取动力学模型

为研究活性污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)提取过程中各参数间的基本关系及优化EPS提取过程,建立了EPS提取过程中浓度随时间变化的动力学模型,并通过前人研究数据和本次试验数据对模型进行验证.结果表明,模型对一些经典文献中的数据拟合效果较好,拟合系数(R2)均大于0.94.对MLSS为(1064.47±298.70)mg/L,MLVSS为(822±147)mg/L的活性污泥进行EPS提取, TOC和蛋白质的拟合效果较好,但多糖和DNA的拟合效果不理想.该模型可以大致估算试验中EPS的最大提取量及任一时间的EPS产量.     

污泥EPS高值、高效提取与回收技术发展趋势

污泥有机质（特别是胞外聚合物,EPS）高值产品回收将会推动污水/污泥资源化.然而,EPS典型提取方法效率较低、回收产物成分复杂,限制了EPS目标物质的高效提取、降低了回收物的潜在高值应用.为此,探究高值、高效EPS提取/回收技术极为重要.这就需要改变目前典型的"笼统"EPS提取方法,将"胞外多糖"和"胞外蛋白"这样的模糊提取物（实为"有机物混合物"）转变为单目标物质（如类藻酸盐物质、酸溶性EPS、硫酸盐多糖、淀粉样蛋白质以及透明质酸等）或多目标物质（依靠物理、化学性质差异分离、提纯）,实现产物的定向提取并保证其纯度,从而使回收产物获得高值利用.另一方面,把握进水水质、营养物负荷以及运行环境对污泥EPS形成的影响亦十分重要;同时,需要鉴定易形成EPS的优势菌并掌握其生理、生化特征,这对通过污水处理运行而"原位"增加EPS污泥本底含量具有非常重要的意义.此外,还需要针对高值组分进一步发展优化提取方法（如添加表面活性剂等）,以实现回收物高效提取与高值回收利用.     

Effect of 2-butenal manufacture wastewater to methanogenic activity and microbial community

The inhibition ratio sharply increased with the increasing COD. The absorbance of UV-vis at 420 nm showed a linear correlation with the SMA. The molecular structure of EPS has changed when COD was 9585 mg/L. Illumina Miseq sequencing was employed to reveal the microbial composition. The synthesis of 2-butenal, which is a vital raw material for the production of sorbic acid as a food preservative, generates some toxic by-products, so it is urgent to seek better detoxification strategies for the treatment of 2-butenal manufacture wastewater. In this study, batch experiments were carried out to investigate the inhibition effect of wastewater on the methanogenic activity. To understand the wastewater toxicity to anaerobic granular sludge, variations of the specific methanogenic activity (SMA) and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) constituents at various wastewater CODs were investigated. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were employed to analyze the structure of the EPS. The results showed that the inhibitory ratio of 2-butenal manufacture wastewater was less than 8.4% on the anaerobic granular sludge when the CODs were less than 959 mg/L. However, the inhibitory ratio increased from 36.4% to 93.6% when CODs increased from 2396 mg/L to 9585 mg/L, with the SMA decreasing from 39.1 mL CH₄/(gVSS·d) to 3.2 mL CH₄/(gVSS·d). The diversity of the microbial community under various CODs was researched by Illumina 16S rRNA Miseq sequencing and the results demonstrated that Proteiniphilum、Petrimonas and Syntrophobacter were the dominant bacteria genera in all sample. Regarding archaea, Methanobacterium was the most dominated archaea genera, followed by the Methanosaeta group in all samples. Moreover, the bacterial communities had changed obviously with increasing CODs, which indicated high CODs played a negative impact on the richness and diversity of bacterial community in the sludge samples.     

Crop Yield Gaps in Cameroon

Although food crop yields per hectare have generally been increasing in Cameroon since 1961, the food price crisis of 2008 and the ensuing social unrest and fatalities raised concerns about the country’s ability to meet the food needs of its population. This study examines the country’s potential for increasing crop yields and food production to meet this food security challenge. Fuzzy set theory is used to develop a biophysical spatial suitability model for different crops, which in turn is employed to ascertain whether crop production is carried out in biophysically suited areas. We use linear regression to examine the trend of yield development over the last half century. On the basis of yield data from experimental stations and farmers’ fields we assess the yield gap for major food crops. We find that yields have generally been increasing over the last half century and that agricultural policies can have significant effects on them. To a large extent, food crops are cultivated in areas that are biophysically suited for their cultivation, meaning that the yield gap is not a problem of biophysical suitability. Notwithstanding, there are significantly large yield gaps between actual yields on farmers’ farms and maximum attainable yields from research stations. We conclude that agronomy and policies are likely to be the reasons for these large yield gaps. A key challenge to be addressed in closing the yield gaps is that of replenishing and properly managing soil nutrients.     

磺胺和四环素类抗生素对活性污泥性能的影响简

废水处理工艺中抗生素类污染物的存在可能会对生物处理过程产生长期而深远的影响,为探明此类污染物对废水生物处理主体活性污泥性能等方面的影响,采用间歇培养法研究了活性污泥法处理污水时,抗生素类污染物的存在对活性污泥性能如胞外聚合物（EPS）、污染物处理能力、脱氢酶活性和群落结构的影响。结果表明,抗生素的存在会导致活性污泥的胞外聚合物总量及其主要组分蛋白质和多糖增加,以产生保护屏障;且由于污泥絮体解体,细胞破裂导致EPS中DNA和色氨酸含量增加。同时,由于蛋白质大量增加引起的表面负电荷的增加,使污泥疏水性增强,絮凝性能恶化;污泥絮体解体导致污泥颗粒变小,SVI也随之下降;在活性污泥脱氢酶活性急剧下降的同时,出水TOC迅速升高。此外,抗生素类污染物在抑制活性污泥中大部分细菌的同时,对部分菌群也有刺激生长作用,最终导致活性污泥生物群落结构的改变。四环素类抗生素对活性污泥的EPS和絮凝沉降性能的影响大于磺胺类,而对污水处理能力和群落结构的影响则不如磺胺类。抗生素类污染物的长期存在会对活性污泥沉降性能、絮凝性能、脱氢酶活性以及活性污泥群落结构等产生一系列负面影响,进而影响污染物去除效果,导致出水水质恶化。