春季东、黄海溶解甲烷的分布和海气交换通量

于2011年3月17日～4月6日对东、黄海海域进行了大面调查,采集了45个站位不同深度的海水样品,对溶解甲烷(CH4)浓度进行了测定,并估算了其海-气交换通量.结果表明,东、黄海表层海水中溶解甲烷的浓度变化范围是2.39～29.67nmol.L-1,底层海水中甲烷浓度范围是2.63～30.63 nmol.L-1,底层浓度略高于表层,表明底层水体或沉积物中存在甲烷的源.春季东、黄海海域表、底层溶解甲烷的分布特征基本一致,即从近岸向远海逐渐降低,主要受长江冲淡水输入和黑潮水入侵的影响.春季东、黄海海域表层海水中CH4饱和度为93%～1 038%.利用Liss and Merlivat公式(LM86)、Wanninkhof公式(W92)和现场测定的风速估算出春季东、黄海海域CH4的海-气交换通量分别为(2.85±5.11)μmol.(m2.d)-1和(5.18±9.99)μmol.(m2.d)-1,根据本研究结果和文献数据初步估算出东海和黄海年释放甲烷量分别为7.05×10-2～12.0×10-2Tg.a-1和1.17×10-2～2.20×10-2Tg.a-1.春季东、黄海海域表层海水中CH4均呈过饱和状态,是大气中CH4的净源.     

A test of stress theory: relief workers in refugee camps

The purpose of this paper is to apply a stress model drawn from the literature to the relief and social service workers who have been active in refugee camps for a prolonged period of time. Working in difficult environments, social service workers deliver essential services to refugee populations around the world. A model of four work-stress determinants--tasks, management, appreciation and collaboration--was tested on 274 social workers in five regions of the Middle East (Jordan, Lebanon and Syria, as well as the occupied Palestinian territories of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank). Statistical fit indices were adequate but two relationships were statistically insignificant. The collaboration variable was dropped to create a modified model with tasks indirectly and management and appreciation directly affecting work-related stress. The five direct relationships and two indirect relationships of this modified model are consistent with stress theory, and all relationships--direct and indirect--are statistically significant.     

Vulnerability and resilience to climate change in Sorsogon City,the Philippines: learning from an ordinary city?

Sorsogon City is a rapidly urbanising coastal area in the Philippines. Its location, combined with a rapidly changing and growing urban fabric, leaves it vulnerable to both incremental climate change and associated extreme weather events. In this paper, UN-HABITAT data are used to draw out the climate change vulnerabilities and policy responses in Sorsogon City. Vulnerability “hotspots” highlight the spatial intersection of socio-economic justice concerns, particularly in terms of vulnerability to increased cyclone activity. We discuss vulnerabilities of Sorsogon City and its citizens to climate change and measures undertaken through various social, environmental and technical systems and interventions to increase resilience. The paper also attempts to unpick the relationship between the neat, concise reported city and the complexities of urban life using the Sorsogon experiment to consider the limitations of such approaches to governing climate change. We group these under four headings: social simplification in the absence of data; over-governance (and under-representation); quick wins versus strategic investment; and stretching the ecological and vulnerability footprints of the city. The experience of Sorsogon City is then extended to reflect on issues of governance and planning in other Asian coastal cities.     

藏东地区农业资源开发利用与生态保护研究

全面分析了青藏高原东部藏族地区（简称藏东地区）农业资源特点及开发利用现状，阐明了农业资源开发利用中出现的生态环境问题及成因，提出了该地区农业资源合理开发，持续利用和生态环境保护的对策和措施。     

The use and effectiveness of the site of special scientific interest designation in the east midlands region of the nature conservancy council

This paper looks at the use and effectiveness of the Site of Special Scientific Interest designation in three counties in the East Midlands region of the Nature Conservancy Council, namely Nottinghamshire, Northamptonshire and Cambridgeshire. Using unpublished sources within the NCC an analysis is made of the SSSI system in practice since its inception in 1949. A number of findings relating to weaknesses in the designation and the operation of the designation system emerge. Each of these findings is discussed in turn with the presentation of the appropriate evidence from the county case studies.     

2006年春季东海近海海域赤潮高发区溶解态营养盐的时空分布

测定了2006年春季东海赤潮高发海域溶解态无机营养盐的分布和含量,并初步分析它们与赤潮的关系.结果表明,调查海区营养盐浓度较高,与国家一类海水水质相比,无机氮和无机磷的超标率分别为54%和34%,杭州湾附近海域富营养化程度比较严重.调查海域由于受沿岸长江等河流输入的影响,营养盐浓度自近岸向外海快速递减,等值线几乎与海岸线平行.另外初步分析了一次赤潮生长消亡过程中各种化学参数的变化情况.     

光照与东海近海中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)赤潮发生季节的关系

利用船基现场培养实验和模型计算的方法,研究了光照与东海近海春夏季均能发生中肋骨条藻赤潮的关系.结果表明,中肋骨条藻生长的最适光照强度(I_opt)随水温(t)的增加呈“慢升快降”的不对称“倒V”形变化特征,在25℃左右I_opt最大,为121.6 Ｗ·m^-R, I_opt-t 曲线符合Blanchard方程; 由东海海表水温计算的中肋骨条藻I_opt的季节变化特征与东海海面光照强度、海水透明度的季节变化基本同步(R^R=0.907±0.115, p<0.001),且滞后于海面光照强度2个月左右,这使春夏季海水中光照最适宜生长的水层均为全年最厚(6m左右).可见,中肋骨条藻对光照的适应性很强,海区海水光照的适宜性是春夏季均能形成大规模中肋骨条藻赤潮的重要原因之一.     

2010年春季东亚地区沙尘气溶胶和PM10的模拟研究

利用区域空气质量模式系统RAQMS,模拟研究了2010年3月东亚地区PM10气溶胶的时空演变,研究了19~23日沙尘暴暴发的过程,并将模拟结果与中国16个城市的PM10地面观测数据进行了比较.结果显示,模式对于PM10和沙尘具有好的模拟能力,可以合理地反映东亚地区PM10的时空分布和沙尘暴的演变过程;观测值和模拟值的总体相关系数达到0.705,两者平均值分别为124.8,165.5mg/m3.2010年3月份东亚地区PM10平均浓度处在较高水平,沙尘气溶胶是PM10的主要组分.3月东亚地区沙尘排放量约110.4Mt,其中68%重新沉降到地表.     

东海大气气溶胶中无机氮组分的分布特征

利用2006年11～12月、2007年2～3月及2008年5～6月在东海4个航次中采集的33个总悬浮颗粒物样品和7套Anderson分级样品,分析了其中NH 4+、NO 3-和NO 2-的浓度,探讨了东海气溶胶中氮组分的季节变化和粒径分布.气溶胶中NH 4+的浓度为2.6～646.9 nmol.m-3,冬、春季较高,夏季较低.NO 3-的浓度为5.5～281.5 nmol.m-3,冬季较高,春、夏季较低.NO 2-的浓度很低,0.5 nmol.m-3.气溶胶中氮组分的相对贡献具有一定的季节变化趋势,冬季NH 4+和NO 3-的贡献相当,春、夏季以NH 4+的贡献为主.NO 3-的粒径分布月变化明显,11～12月主要分布在2.1μm的细粒子上,2～3月、5～6月分别集中在1.1～4.7μm和2.1～7.0μm的粗粒子上.NH 4+的粒径分布无明显月季差异,均主要分布在1.1μm的细粒子上.后向轨迹分析表明气团的来源和迁移路径显著影响气溶胶中无机氮的分布.气团来自污染较重的陆源,无机氮在大气中的浓度(nmol.m-3)和在颗粒物中的浓度(μmol.g-1)均较高;气团来自清洁的海洋源,无机氮在大气中和颗粒物中的浓度均较低.气团起源自陆源但在海上经过长距离的迁移,则无机氮在大气中的浓度相对较低,在颗粒物中的浓度相对较高.