光腔衰荡光谱法走航连续观测海表大气中氧化亚氮

基于最新型Picarro G5101i型光腔衰荡光谱仪,自行设计并集成了适用于海表大气氧化亚氮的船基走航连续观测系统.实验室测试结果显示,该系统准确度优于1.4×10-9mol·mol-1,精密度优于0.2×10-9mol·mol-1.通过搭载2017年春季黄海和东海综合调查航次,首次在我国开展了海表大气中氧化亚氮的船载走航式连续观测研究.实践证明,该系统操作简便,运行稳定可靠,可获取高频率高精度的海表大气氧化亚氮摩尔分数数据.同时,基于实际观测工作,初步优化建立了相应的数据质量控制和处理方法,为获取具有国际可比性的观测数据奠定了基础.观测结果显示,春季黄海和东海海表大气中氧化亚氮的摩尔分数范围为(331.0~345.1)×10-9mol·mol-1,平均值为(333.5±1.4)×10-9mol·mol-1.     

中国东部AOD等级变化及与东亚夏季风的联系

利用2000年3月～2017年1月Terra卫星反演的最新版本C06的MODIS气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）、NCEP fnl全球业务分析数据、CMAP降水、CERES SYN1deg Ed4月平均资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等,依据区域平均AOD距平的显著年际变化特征,将历年AOD划分为5个不同的污染等级,并探讨了不同污染等级的局地成因及其与季风环流的联系.结果表明,夏季中国东部地区AOD异常偏大与地面风速小、中高层季风环流系统不利于气溶胶扩散有关.气溶胶污染最重（最轻）时,气溶胶与到达地面的太阳短波辐射、地面气温、风速及降水存在密切联系;在其他污染等级下,除了与到达地面的短波辐射有密切关系外,与其他量的联系并不明显.气溶胶污染严重时,到达地面的太阳短波辐射相对减小,地面气温异常偏低,低层大气冷却,地面风速减小,地面降水呈现南多北少的变化特征;反之,气溶胶污染较轻时,到达地面的太阳短波辐射相对增加,地面气温异常偏高,低层大气加热,地面风速增大,地面降水呈现南少北多的变化特征.     

恐怖袭击风险减缓实例分析

为避免被安全机构监视和追踪 ,恐怖组织常常利用网络结构的优势 ,通过对被动支持者的渗透 ,以突然出现的聚集群方式发动恐怖袭击。军队、警察等传统的反恐工具在试图压制这种多源性恐怖活动时将面临更大挑战。以“东突”问题为例 ,应用物理学的渗透概念模拟特定区域恐怖袭击威胁的形成机理 ,从理论上分析了采取非破坏性手段减缓恐怖袭击风险的可行性。     

湘东青草坡韧性剪切带金成矿构造地球化学初步研究

本文以野外取得的第一手资料为依据，总结了青草坡韧性剪切带的金成矿地质特征。并以剪切带内构造岩常量组分和稀土元素地球化学研究为基础，探讨了剪切作用的地球化学行为。结合对剪切带内含金石英脉的形成时代测定和铅同位素地球化学分析，就应力化学分异作用对金成矿的贡献提出了新认识。     

Sources and characteristics of fine particles over the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea using online single particle aerosol mass spectrometer

Marine aerosols over the East China Seas are heavily polluted by continental sources. During the Chinese Comprehensive Ocean Experiment in November 2012, size and mass spectra of individual atmospheric particles in the size range from 0.2 to 2.0 μm were measured on board by a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). The average hourly particle number (PN) was around 4560 ± 3240 in the South Yellow Sea (SYS), 2900 ± 3970 in the North Yellow Sea (NYS), and 1700 ± 2220 in the Bohai Sea (BS). PN in NYS and BS varied greatly over 3 orders of magnitude, while that in SYS varied slightly. The size distributions were fitted with two log-normal modes. Accumulation mode dominated in NYS and BS, especially during episodic periods. Coarse mode particles played an important role in SYS. Particles were classified using an adaptive resonance theory based neural network algorithm (ART-2a). Six particle types were identified with secondary-containing, aged sea-salt, soot-like, biomass burning, fresh sea-salt, and lead-containing particles accounting for 32%, 21%, 18%, 16%, 4%, and 3% of total PN, respectively. Aerosols in BS were relatively enriched in particles from anthropogenic sources compared to SYS, probably due to emissions from more developed upwind regions and indicating stronger influence of continental outflow on marine environment. Variation of source types depended mainly on origins of transported air masses. This study examined rapid changes in PN, size distribution and source types of fine particles in marine atmospheres. It also demonstrated the effectiveness of high-time-resolution source apportionment by ART-2a.     

Scientific collectives in region-building processes

During the last 30 years, growing demand for science-based policy making has contributed to the mobilization of scientific cooperation alongside transnational political arrangements for addressing environmental issues. Following the contemporary trend toward regionalizing environmental policy and practice, many of these scientific joint efforts have focused on a regional scale. This article examines regional scientific cooperation in the context of the institutionalization of mountain regions in Europe. Such cooperation can be observed from the Pyrenees to Central Asia, albeit with a degree of variation that largely remains unexplored in scientific research. Sometimes scientific cooperation served to lay the groundwork of a mountain policy initiative, other times it appeared in its wake; some examples appear as loose networks of individual scientists, others are set up as formalized monitoring and observation centers; finally, some scientific joint efforts are formally linked to, or incorporated in a mountain policy initiative, while others are largely independent. The article proposes a new typology for understanding the interactions between regional scientific mobilization and regional policy making and provides up-to-date portraits of six main cases.     

武汉东湖沉积物中金属元素垂直分布研究

采集东湖柱状沉积物,分析了铅、镉、铜、锌、铁等金属元素的垂直分布特征。结果表明沉积物中铅含量近年来有所下降,镉和锌含量明显高于背景值。     

东江流域底泥重金属分析及潜在环境生态风险

对东江流域不同江段水环境的重金属底泥及底泥浸出液中铅、锌、铜、镉、铬、镍等重金属分布进行分析,结果表明铅和镉含量较高,存在一定程度污染或属于高背景值底泥;底泥的重金属因沉积引起,而锌、铜、铬和镍含量具有一定的污染同源性;利用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价底泥重金属污染状况,镉污染较为严重,潜在生态风险大,污染程度镉>铜>锌>镍,铅存在一定的潜在生态风险,铅和铬污染风险较小,底泥和底泥浸出液中重金属含量的变化趋势较为一致,结果表明底泥是表面水重金属的重要来源.     

东洞庭湖沉积物中重金属的分布特征、污染评价与来源辨析

基于2008年1月对东洞庭湖6个具代表性监测断面的采样分析,通过地累积指数模型、多变量分析理论和主成分分析法,研究了东洞庭湖沉积物中重金属的污染富集分布特征及其主要来源. 结果表明,沉积物中重金属元素Cd和Hg在各采样断面的污染富集程度均较高,尤其是在樟树港、洞庭湖出口2个采样断面的污染富集程度达到重度污染水平. 相关分析表明,w(Pb),w(Hg),w(Cd)和w(Zn)之间呈显著正相关,w(Cr)与w(As)之间也呈显著正相关,其他重金属之间无显著的相关性. 通过主成分分析研究了重金属的来源,发现2个主成分的贡献率分别为52.267%和33.380%. 结合洞庭湖水系自身特点及周边点源、非点源污染情况,将东洞庭湖沉积物中的重金属划分为2类:Pb,Hg,Cd和Zn作为第一主成分,主要受人类活动中的工矿业采冶支配;第二主成分为Cr与As,与人类活动中的生活污水排放和农业生产有密切关系.      

东海近海水质油类测定中的不确定度探讨

分析探讨了东海近海水质油类测定中不确定度的影响因素.其中,考虑到海洋环境监测的一些特殊性,在建立评定不确定度分量的数学模型时,引入了重复性实验校正因子f,并根据2002～2003年东海区海洋环境监测中的内控质量数据（原始平行样测定）资料以A类方式评定量化重复性实验校正因子f的不确定度;同时,以A类或B类的方式对近海水质油类测定中的其他各个不确定度分量进行了评定.结果表明,重复性实验校正因子f是近海水质油类测定中不确定度的主要来源.在此基础上,计算了东海近海水质油类测定中的相对合成标准不确定度约为0.12.