夏季东海挥发性硫化物的空间分布与释放通量研究

挥发性硫化物（volatile sulfur compounds,VSCs）是大气中一类重要的痕量活性气体,对全球硫循环和气候变化有着重要的影响.于2018年6—7月运用冷阱捕集气相色谱和气-质联用法测定了东海海水与大气中3种重要的VSCs即羰基硫（carbonyl sulfide,COS）、二甲基硫（dimethyl sulfide,DMS）、二硫化碳（carbon disulfide,CS₂）的浓度,分析了其与相关环境因子的相关性,并估算了它们的海-气通量.研究结果表明,夏季东海表层海水中COS、DMS和CS₂的浓度平均值分别为（0.47±0.33）、（4.46±4.52）和（0.13±0.07） nmol·L^-1,海水中COS和CS₂的高值区出现在长江口附近海域,DMS在东海南部海域的浓度远低于北部海域.大气中COS、DMS和CS₂的浓度平均值分别为（564.0±37.5）×10^-12、（70.7±83.5）×10^-12和（177.6±232.3）×10^-12（以体积分数计）,COS分布均匀,CS₂的分布呈现近岸高远海低的特点,而DMS的分布受海-气扩散的影响.相关性分析表明,夏季东海海水中COS和CS₂与海水中的营养盐存在正相关关系,这可能是因为营养盐能促进浮游植物生长,而浮游植物生长过程中能释放COS和CS₂的前体进入水体,从而促进COS和CS₂的生产.此外,夏季东海中COS、DMS和CS₂的海-气通量平均值为（1.05±1.13）、（9.21±9.49）和（0.24±0.22）μmol·m^-2·d^-1,表明夏季东海是大气中3种VSCs的源.     

沙尘气溶胶的跨亚欧大陆传输对东亚地区大气环境的影响

基于全球大气环流模式CAM3.1对2002—2003年模拟的全球沙尘气溶胶分布及其变化的评估,通过去除东亚沙漠(局地源)的敏感性模拟试验来分析北非、阿拉伯和中亚地区沙漠区(外部源)的沙尘气溶胶跨亚欧大陆传输对东亚地区大气沙尘气溶胶的贡献.结果表明,受到大气沙尘气溶胶的跨亚欧大陆传输的影响,东亚以外沙尘源对青藏高原大气贡献率最大,对我国北方干旱半干旱地区大气贡献率最小,对中国南方地区和日韩及邻近的西北太平洋地区大气贡献率基本相当.东亚地区秋(冬)季大气受到东亚以外沙尘源的影响最弱(强).我国北方干旱半干旱地区近地层大气沙尘气溶胶的外源贡献率秋季最小(约5%),冬季最大(约30%).青藏高原冬季60%~80%的近地面大气沙尘气溶胶来自东亚以外的沙漠区,而在秋季则只有约20%~60%.外源对东亚大气沙尘气溶胶柱浓度和对近地面大气沙尘气溶胶的影响具有基本一致的季节特征,但对柱浓度的贡献率一般偏大10%~40%.沙尘气溶胶跨亚欧大陆传输对东亚地区的影响主要集中在2~6 km的自由对流层.随对流层高度的增加东亚各地区外源贡献率均增加.青藏高原地区以年平均对流层沙尘气溶胶外源贡献率62%~81%成为东亚地区最大的影响区域.     

中国华东及其周边地区NDVI对气温和降水的月际响应特征

利用SPOT VGT-NDVI数据和气象站点的气温和降水资料,分析了1998-2010年期间我国华东及其周边地区NDVI对气温和降水变化的时空响应特征。结果表明,在整个研究区,NDVI对当月气温和前1月降水变化响应最为强烈。空间上,NDVI对气温变化的响应在整个研究区差异不明显,而对降水变化的响应在北部地区较在中部和南部强。NDVI在多数地区都同步响应于当月气温变化,在北部和南部一些地区对气温变化滞后响应1个月左右。NDVI对降水变化在北部地区滞后响应1个月左右,而在南部地区滞后响应2~3个月。研究区NDVI对气温和降水响应的时间特征、空间分布及总体滞后期与已有的研究结果基本一致,但在南部地区NDVI对降水变化的响应滞后期较已有的研究结果长。不同的数据源、研究范围、气候和植被类型及土壤特性的差异等都有可能造成研究结果的差异。     

From insight to action in reservoir management—lessons from Asia

The World Commission on Dams (WCD) has now presented its final report on the problems with large dams. Many dam projects were found to be underperforming, especially those built for irrigation purposes. WCD also reports that many projects fail to meet current standards of social equity. A reallocation of costs and benefits is needed, but entrenched interests make this a difficult task. This article identifies shortcomings in large Asian irrigation projects: why the problems emerged, and what could be done to improve the performance of existing projects. The article argues that Asian irrigation agencies take mainly an engineering perspective, focusing on the dam itself. In a large number of cases, it takes over 10 years for the infrastructure to be installed and for the water to be delivered to the fields of the command area. Agencies need to improve their competence in dealing with social and environmental issues. This article argues that social and economic infrastructure is often inadequate; there is a need for an integrated view of the role of agriculture in development. Furthermore, adaptive management practices and water user participation can often be critical elements. To be successful, participation needs to be gender sensitive, and stakeholders at all income levels need to be consulted. To bridge the gulf between rhetoric and action, there is also a need for independent evaluation of dam projects.     

东海毛颚动物多样性指数H′的分布

根据1997～2000年在东海(27°～32°N,128°E以西)的大型浮游动物垂直拖网调查结果,对陆架区毛颚动物多样性指数分布现状进行分析和探讨。结果表明:海区多样性指数以冬季最高,夏秋季次之,夏季第三,春季最低;平面分布格局大致呈近海向外海、北部向南部递增的趋势;多样性指数主要取决东海暖水、黑潮和东海沿岸水的消长,反映了不同季节群落结构时空分布的动态变化过程。     

洪灾风险评估在规划环评中的应用

在规划环评中开展洪灾风险评价,应统筹考虑社会、经济的综合影响。就经济损失方面,需要根据洪灾风险评价的基本理论,结合规划区的实际情况,并基于AcView和MapInfo地理信息系统,合理确定洪水风险区、洪水淹没范围、损失率,进行风险损失和风险值计算,选择洪灾风险值较小的防洪规划方案。案例研究结果表明,博鳌规划区50 a一遇的防洪规划方案比20 a一遇的防洪规划方案的风险值要小近50%。因此,在博鳌规划区洪水设防上应按50 a一遇的标准设防为宜。     

Sources and characteristics of fine particles over the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea using online single particle aerosol mass spectrometer

Marine aerosols over the East China Seas are heavily polluted by continental sources. During the Chinese Comprehensive Ocean Experiment in November 2012, size and mass spectra of individual atmospheric particles in the size range from 0.2 to 2.0 μm were measured on board by a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer(SPAMS). The average hourly particle number(PN)was around 4560 ± 3240 in the South Yellow Sea(SYS), 2900 ± 3970 in the North Yellow Sea(NYS), and 1700 ± 2220 in the Bohai Sea(BS). PN in NYS and BS varied greatly over 3 orders of magnitude, while that in SYS varied slightly. The size distributions were fitted with two log-normal modes. Accumulation mode dominated in NYS and BS, especially during episodic periods. Coarse mode particles played an important role in SYS. Particles were classified using an adaptive resonance theory based neural network algorithm(ART-2a). Six particle types were identified with secondary-containing, aged sea-salt, soot-like, biomass burning, fresh sea-salt,and lead-containing particles accounting for 32%, 21%, 18%, 16%, 4%, and 3% of total PN,respectively. Aerosols in BS were relatively enriched in particles from anthropogenic sources compared to SYS, probably due to emissions from more developed upwind regions and indicating stronger influence of continental outflow on marine environment. Variation of source types depended mainly on origins of transported air masses. This study examined rapid changes in PN, size distribution and source types of fine particles in marine atmospheres. It also demonstrated the effectiveness of high-time-resolution source apportionment by ART-2a.     

东太湖沼泽化发展趋势及驱动因素分析

东太湖沼泽化呈加速发展的趋势：无沼泽化湖区面积显著减少，由１９５９年的９０％降至２４．９％；沼泽化综合指数由１９５９年的１．４７增加到２．４１，这与近４０为湖区人类活动强度增强有关：沿湖合理的池塘养殖可以延缓局部湖区的沼泽化进程‘；但外来污染、围垦、滥各挺水水生植物以及网围养殖的过度发展等显著地促进了沼泽化的发展。     

东苕溪蓝藻时空分布及其与环境因子关系研究

研究了东苕溪(太湖主要入湖河流)秋季和春季浮游植物的空间分布格局,监测了东苕溪18个采样点的浮游植物叶绿素a含量、细胞密度及种类组成等指标,分析了影响蓝藻时空分布差异的环境因子.结果表明:调查期间,共观察到浮游植物8门60属132种,其中,蓝藻门9属14种,蓝藻细胞密度占浮游植物细胞密度的平均比例为60.3%,蓝藻细胞密度自东苕溪下游至上游呈减小趋势,最高值出现在东苕溪下游距南太湖湖口3km以内.在秋季,东苕溪下游以铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)为优势种,春季为水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena flos-aquae);丝状蓝藻(小席藻)是上游的优势代表种.东苕溪下游蓝藻的绝对优势与特殊的水动力条件、高浓度的营养盐有关.相关性分析表明,蓝藻细胞密度与水深(p<0.01)、总氮(p<0.01)和溶解性总碳(p<0.05)呈显著正相关.     

东海区北部小黄鱼生殖群体分布及与水团关系

根据2003～2005年每年4月东海区北部小黄鱼CPUE、海水温度和盐度数据,分析了春季小黄鱼分布与水团间关系。结果表明,2003～2005年每年4月小黄鱼的平均CPUE分别为4.72、3.47和1.96 kg/h;小黄鱼的主要分布区可分为4个海域:A,黄海南部近海;B,黄、东海交界海域;C,长江口外海域;D,东海中北部海域;小黄鱼最适生存的底层温度为10～14℃,底层盐度为32～34.3;研究海域内底层水团包括:东海北部底层冷水团、黄海水团、黄-东海混合水团以及东海混合水团;分布区C内的小黄鱼主要位于东海混合水团和黄-东海混合水团的交汇处,其它3个分布区内的小黄鱼都是在东海北部底层冷水团与其它水团的交汇处。