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81.
Machteld N. Verzijden R. E. Madeleine Korthof Carel ten Cate 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(8):1359-1368
While species-assortative behaviour is often observed in sympatrically occurring species, there are few examples where we
understand the extent to which development of assortative behaviour is genetically or environmentally determined, for instance,
through learning. However, the majority of mate choice theory assumes genetic recognition mechanisms. Knowledge about the
development of species recognition is important for our understanding of how closely related species can coexist and how this
coexistence may have arisen. The ontogeny of female mate choice, for instance, may critically influence the degree of assortative
mating under many circumstances. Also, male assortative aggression behaviour may affect fitness and the possibility for coexistence
of two closely related species. Here, we test whether male aggression biases and female mate preferences of two Lake Victoria
rock cichlid species, Mbipia mbipi and Mbipia lutea, are affected by experience. With an interspecific cross-fostering experiment, we test for the effect of experience with
the phenotype of the mother and that of the siblings on species-assortative mate preferences and aggression biases. We demonstrate
that female mate preferences are strongly influenced by learning about their mothers’ phenotype but not by experience with
their siblings, despite ample opportunity for interactions. Male aggression biases, in contrast, are affected by experience
with siblings but not by learning about their mothers’ phenotype. We suggest that the development of assortative behaviour
of females, but not of males, creates favourable conditions for sympatric speciation in Lake Victoria cichlids. 相似文献
82.
通过对1998年5月、2000年10月及2001年5月东、黄海海区3个航次采集的沉积物样品中生物硅(BSi)含量的分析,讨论了东海西北部、南黄海沉积物中BSi的分布、埋藏及其与水体初级生产力、硅藻丰度的关系.测定表明,调查海区表层沉积物中BSi的含量介于0.21%~0.70%,海区BSi的分布与水体初级生产力的变化一致.在长江口海区,BSi的积累与河口区水体中的叶绿素a、初级生产力有着密切的关系,近20年来长江口海区沉积物中BSi含量的变化记录了长江径流以及长江输送N、P、Si营养盐通量的年际变化. 相似文献
83.
Karen Peachey 《Disasters》2000,23(4):350-358
Unlike other population groups, the rights, needs and contributions of older people in developing countries are not well understood. With the absence of information about how to assess the nutritional status and vulnerability of older people, HelpAge International joined forces with the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in the early 1990s to launch a research programme. Seven years later some of the basic questions can now be answered but there remains much more to do.
Although older people are increasingly acknowledged as a vulnerable group in emergencies, NGO responses often fail to meet their needs. The question is whether there are real difficulties in service adaptation or whether ageism is one of the greatest barriers to the provision of appropriate services for older people. 相似文献
Although older people are increasingly acknowledged as a vulnerable group in emergencies, NGO responses often fail to meet their needs. The question is whether there are real difficulties in service adaptation or whether ageism is one of the greatest barriers to the provision of appropriate services for older people. 相似文献
84.
Asante KA Agusa T Mochizuki H Ramu K Inoue S Kubodera T Takahashi S Subramanian A Tanabe S 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(3):862-873
Trace elements (22) and stable isotope ratios (δ15N and δ13C) were analyzed in marine organisms from shallow (SW) and deep-water (DW) of the East China Sea to understand biomagnification and prey source of trace elements. In the benthic marine organisms from DW, δ15N values were negatively correlated with Ba, Cu, Ag, Mo, Sr, As, and Co concentrations. This may be due to the specific accumulation in lower trophic animals and/or the biodilution through the food web in DW. Relationships between δ15N and concentrations of Co, Cr, Bi, and Tl in fish and Ag, Bi, V, Hg, and Tl in crustaceans showed positive correlations, suggesting that trophic position was affecting the concentrations of those elements in phyla, with higher trophic animals retaining higher concentrations than the lower trophic animals. Positive correlations between δ13C and Rb were observed in marine organisms. Therefore, Rb may be a possible substitute of δ13C as tracer of prey source in the East China Sea although further investigation is required. 相似文献
85.
Nadiah P. Kristensen Wei Wei Seah Kwek Yan Chong Yi Shuen Yeoh Tak Fung Laura M. Berman Hui Zhen Tan Ryan A. Chisholm 《Conservation biology》2020,34(5):1229-1240
Extinction is a key issue in the assessment of global biodiversity. However, many extinction rate measures do not account for species that went extinct before they could be discovered. The highly developed island city–state of Singapore has one of the best-documented tropical floras in the world. This allowed us to estimate the total rate of floristic extinctions in Singapore since 1822 after accounting for sampling effort and crypto extinctions by collating herbaria records. Our database comprised 34,224 specimens from 2076 native species, of which 464 species (22%) were considered nationally extinct. We assumed that undiscovered species had the same annual per-species extinction rates as discovered species and that no undiscovered species remained extant. With classical and Bayesian algorithms, we estimated that 304 (95% confidence interval, 213–414) and 412 (95% credible interval, 313–534) additional species went extinct before they could be discovered, respectively; corresponding total extinction rate estimates were 32% and 35% (range 30–38%). We detected violations of our 2 assumptions that could cause our extinction estimates, particularly the absolute numbers, to be biased downward. Thus, our estimates should be treated as lower bounds. Our results illustrate the possible magnitudes of plant extirpations that can be expected in the tropics as development continues. 相似文献
86.
本文对东湖磷酸酶活力(PA)的来源,不同湖区活力水平的比较,及其与主要环境因子的关系作了初步研究。结果表明,东湖水柱中磷酸酶活力主要来自藻类,底泥中则主要来自细菌;在东湖磷浓度波动范围内,磷对碱性磷酸酶活力(ALPA)无明显抑制,实验室条件下相当于环境水平的磷浓度不能抑制PA;光照促进藻类PA的增加;溶解氧有利于藻类PA提高,对细菌PA则相反。 相似文献
87.
黄海和东海海域溶解氧的分布特征 总被引:12,自引:2,他引:12
根据黄河和东海海区四个季度的调查资料,描述了溶解氧的时空分布和变化规律。黄、东海溶解氧分布的基本特征是北高南低,西高东低,随着水温的变化,不同季节这一差别有所不同。黄、东海溶解氧平均值分别为495.4和420.3μmol/L,测定范围分别为90.2-681.9和133-9-692.8μmol/L。以长江口以东H断面为例,描述了夏季溶解氧的断面分布特征,在20-30m水层出现一氧跃层,30m以下垂直分布比较均匀。文中还深入研究了东海陆架区黑潮水溶解氧的分布特征和变化规律。 相似文献
88.
J. D. Wijnhoud Yothin Konboon Rod D. B. Lefroy 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2003,100(2-3):119
In northeast Thailand, the sustainability of rainfed lowland rice-based systems, the dominant land-use system (LUS) in the region, is a concern for the welfare of the population in this relatively poor region. Poor soil fertility and low inputs are seen as major causes of this lack of sustainability. In this context, the assessment of nutrient budgets is seen as a powerful tool for the assessment of critical components of the sustainability of this particular LUS. Biophysical, socioeconomic, and management-related data on the farming systems were collected for 30 farms in Ubon Ratchathani Province, northeast Thailand. A relational database system (RDBS) was developed to manage and analyze the data. The RDBS includes a calculation procedure for the semi-automatic generation of partial nutrient balances. Partial nutrient balances are good indicators for some critical components of sustainability, and important for decision support on soil fertility management when considered with the additional factors that are required for a full nutrient balance.For the rice-based systems of 30 farms, mean partial balances were 12 kg N ha−1, 8 kg P ha−1, and 7 kg K ha−1 per year. Large variations in partial N, P, and K balances exist among different farms and, even more so, for different land utilization types (LUTs). The LUTs are distinct cropping system–management combinations that occur down to the subfield level. Many of the partial balances assessed were negative.Farmers manage nutrients for similar parcels of land in very different ways. This results in the observed large variation in partial nutrient balances, even for the same type of land use within the same farm. These results confirm the high inter-farm and intra-farm variability for partial balances of N, P, and K of several preliminary studies. Farmer interviews and field surveys revealed that different socioeconomic factors appear to be related with inter- and intra-farm variability in nutrient budgets. In addition, the socioeconomic component of the case study revealed that diversification of income sources, particularly off-farm employment, had a larger impact on household income than rice production. Furthermore, while many less well-off households had a greater reliance on rice production, many farms with high off-farm and non-rice farm income had a higher total production of rice.The nutrient balance approach, starting with partial nutrient balances, may become an important component of a dynamic and site-specific decision support tool (DST) for nutrient management, and a relational database of the form used in this study may become a key element. 相似文献
89.
吴孟周 《石油化工环境保护》1999,(4):27-33
以日本国COSMO公司坂出炼油厂加工高含硫中东原油带来的环境问题和采取的对策为例,分析炼制高含硫原油时应注意采取的环境管理和环保治理对策 相似文献
90.
N. G. O. Boroffka H. Obernhänsli G. A. Achatov N. V. Aladin K. M. Baipakov A. Erzhanova A. HöRnig S. Krivonogov D. A. Lobas T. V. Savel’eva B. Wünnemann 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2005,10(1):71-85
The shore of Lake Aral in Kazakhstan is a perfect area for studying the human adaptation strategy to past climate changes. New archaeological material, gathered along the northern shores during the expedition of the INTAS project CLIMAN, is briefly presented. Changes in settlement activity during the Atlantic and Subboreal are related to lake level changes of the Aral Sea. A previ-ously proposed lake level maximum needs to be revised. In particular the lake level stand at 72/73 m, with an assumed age of 5000 BP is definitely refused. Based on the presented data the maximum lake level most probably never reached beyond 57/58 mean average sea level (masl). Furthermore the regression during the 15th–16th centuries has been underestimated. It may have been lower than the present day level. Thus the present desiccation of the Aral Sea is historically not unique, as a similar regression, probably induced by man as well, has occurred at least once during history. A readjustment of the water level is, therefore, possible at any time. 相似文献