PREP-PAC: a nutrient replenishment product designed for smallholders in western Kenya

Continuous cropping in the absence of external nutrient inputs to soils has led to the expression of poorly productive patches in farmers’ fields of western Kenya. Farmers attempting to correct these conditions are often confused by the spatial and symptomatic irregularity of affected plants and, until recently, no soil management product was commercially available that is specifically formulated to restore soil fertility to these patches. PREP-PAC consists of 2.0 kg of Minjingu rock phosphate (RP), 200 g of urea, seeds of various symbiotic nitrogen-fixing food legumes, rhizobial inoculant, gum arabic seed adhesive, lime for seed pelleting, and instructions for the use of these materials. It is intended for addition to 25 m² and produced at a cost of $ 0.56 per unit. The general principle is to apply slowly available RP sufficient for several cropping seasons with readily available nitrogenous fertilizer and to intercrop farmer’s maize (Zea mays) with a legume that provides residual fixed-nitrogen and organic inputs to the soil. This approach was tested in on-farm experiments conducted in collaboration with several grassroots rural development organizations. An experiment examined interactions between PREP-PAC components in a maize–soybean (Glycine max) intercrop in nutrient-depleted soils with sandy and clayey surface horizons. The treatments included ±RP, ±urea, and ±inoculants arranged as a 2³ factorial with four replicates at each location. Total value of the intercrops ranged between $ 0.83 in the unamended plots and $ 2.44 in plots treated with PREP-PAC. Significant positive effects were observed with the addition of RP (P<0.001), urea (P=0.04), and inoculant (P=0.01) and in interactions between RP and urea (P=0.02) or inoculant (P=0.07). The return ratio to PREP-PAC investment was 2.6 in the sandy soil and 3.7 in the clay. PREP-PACs were tested on-farm in 52 symptomatic patches containing maize–bean intercrops with and without an improved variety of climbing Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Flora. Unamended patches (25 m²=0.0025 ha) produced 1.6 kg maize and 0.08 kg bean. With addition of PREP-PAC containing Flora, yields increased to 4.1 kg maize and 1.1 kg bean (P<0.001 for both crops). Improvement in bean yield during the first cropping season nearly offset PREP-PAC’s investment costs. PREP-PAC is a strategic approach because all of its ingredients, except for urea, originate from East Africa, and are relatively inexpensive; the product is intended for distribution through existing retail and development networks.     

北京及近中国海春季沙尘气溶胶浓度变化规律的研究

对北京和近中国海气溶胶观测资料的统计分析表明，沙尘气溶胶浓度呈现显的年示变化，该变化与沙尘源区及主要输送通道上的气象条件密切相关。运用多元线性回归分析结合气溶胶观测资料和气象资料计算了北京春季沙尘气溶胶家度。结果表明１９７１－１９９５年北京春季沙尘气溶胶浓度总体呈递砬趋势，但进入九十年代，这种递减趋势有所减缓。     

粤东花岗岩类地球化学特征及成因探讨

粤东花岗岩类的SiO_2、K_2O及ALK值偏高,Al_2O_3、Fe_2_O_3、FeO及MgO偏低,ANKC值、Na/K比及CaO、Na_2O含量介于华南改造型花岗岩和同熔型花岗岩之间;负铕异常明显,轻稀土显著富集,中稀土(Tb—Tm)略有亏损;铅同位素高于地幔铅和下地壳铅同位素组成,略低于华南中生代上地壳铅同位素组成;锶、氧同位素具正相关关系,不相容元素比与其他元素间无相关关系。其岩浆起源于上、下地壳间的过渡带,该过渡带由上地壳物质及侵入其中的幔源物质组成,岩浆上升定位过程中,未发生过明显的分异结晶一同化作用。     

柴达木盆地水资源决策支持系统的设计与开发研究

柴达木盆地水资源规划管理决策属典型的半结构化、多层次、多决策者和多目标的决策问题，为此设计开发了柴达木盆地水资源决策支持系统。文章系统地介绍了柴达木盆地水资源决策支持系统结构框架、设计原则、开发思路、决策模式和基本功能。系统由数据库、模型库及其管理系统三部分组成，模型库包括人口动态模型、宏观经挤模型、水资源模拟模型、绿洲生态需水模型和水资源多目标优化分析模型等5个基本模型。在求解水资源多目标优化分析模型时，使用了逐步法(STEM)，把多目标化为单目标进行求解，决策者在迭代权衡过程中输入经验与偏好信息来获取满意的决策信息。     

旅游环境容量及环境承载率研究——以武汉市东湖风景区为例

以武汉市东湖风景区为例,建立旅游环境容量指标体系,研究相关环境容量计算方法,最终得出各景区不同水质环境下的旅游环境承载率,并提出采取点源截污、面源污染控制和生态修复等措施。     

Climatic Controls on Watershed Reference Evapotranspiration Varied during 1961–2012 in Southern China

Reference evapotranspiration (ET_o) is an important hydrometeorological term widely used in understanding and projecting the hydrological effects of future climate and land use change. We conducted a case study in the Qinhuai River Basin that is dominated by a humid subtropical climate and mixed land uses in southern China. Long‐term (1961–2012) meteorological data were used to estimate ET_o by the FAO‐56 Penman–Monteith model. The individual contribution from each meteorological variable to the trend of ET_o was quantified. We found basin‐wide annual ET_o decreased significantly (p < 0.05) by 3.82 mm/yr during 1961–1987, due to decreased wind speed, solar radiation, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and increased relative humidity (RH). However, due to the increased VPD and decreased RH, the ET_o increased significantly (p < 0.05) in spring, autumn, and annually at a rate of 2.55, 0.56, and 3.16 mm/yr during 1988–2012, respectively. The aerodynamic term was a dominant factor controlling ET_o variation in both two periods. We concluded the key climatic controls on ET_o have shifted as a result of global climate change during 1961–2012. The atmospheric demand, instead of air temperature alone, was a major control on ET_o. Models for accurately predicting ET_o and hydrological change under a changing climate must include VPD in the study region. The shifts of climatic control on the hydrological cycles should be considered in future water resource management in humid regions.     

Assessment of Groundwater Depletion and Implications for Management in the Denver Basin Aquifer System

The Denver Basin Aquifer System (DBAS) is a critical groundwater resource along the Colorado Front Range. Groundwater depletion has been documented over the past few decades due to the increased water use among users, presenting long‐term sustainability challenges. A spatiotemporal geostatistical analysis is used to estimate potentiometric surfaces and evaluate groundwater storage changes between 1990 and 2016 in each of the four DBAS aquifers. Several key depletion patterns and spatial water‐level changes emerge in this work. Hydraulic head changes are the largest in the west‐central side of the DBAS and have decreased in some areas by up to 180 m since 1990, while areas to the northwest show increases in hydraulic head by over 30.5 m. The Denver and Arapahoe aquifers show the largest groundwater storage losses, with the highest rates occurring in the 2000s. The results highlight uncertainty in the volumetric predictions under various storage coefficient calculations and emphasize the importance of representative aquifer characterization. The observed groundwater storage depletions are due to a combination of factors, which include population growth increasing the demand for water, variable precipitation, and drought influencing recharge, and increased groundwater pumping. The methods applied in this study are transferable to other groundwater systems and provide a framework that can help assess groundwater depletion and inform management decisions at other locations.     

2016—2019年长江流域水质时空分布特征

为掌握“十三五”以来长江流域的水环境质量时序变化和空间分布特征,基于国家生态环境监测网2016—2019年长江流域615个可比断面监测数据,从流域主要污染特征、主要超标指标浓度时空变化等方面分析了长江流域水质变化情况.结果表明:2016—2019年,长江流域水质总体好转.依据GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》评价,Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面比例上升7.2百分点,劣Ⅴ类下降2.8百分点.TP、NH₃-N和COD是长江流域的主要超标指标,2019年三者的浓度较2016年分别下降了28.3%、35.0%和8.0%;从流域不同级别河流来看,三者浓度在干流均为最低;从干流来看,三者浓度较高的断面主要分布在长江中游;TP和COD污染主要来自面源,NH₃-N主要来自点源.研究期间,TP对长江流域水环境污染贡献最大,其断面超标率一直排在首位.针对流域水质分布特征,建议继续加强流域内TP防控,重点加强中游污染治理;同时,优化流域产业结构,进一步改善流域水质和生态环境质量.      

汀江流域永定段外源污染负荷解析

为明确汀江流域永定段水污染特征并提出有针对性的污染控制对策,采用产排污系数法和入河系数法对汀江流域永定段的外源污染负荷进行了调查分析。结果表明：汀江流域永定段主要污染物指标——化学需氧量（COD _Cr）、氨氮（(NH₄⁺-N）、总磷（TP）的入河量分别为5430.15 t?a^?1、1027.12 t?a^?1、125.03 t?a^?1,各类污染负荷主要来自生活污水、畜禽养殖和农业种植,三者之和占各污染物总负荷的比例超过80%,其他排放源的COD _Cr、氨氮、总磷污染负荷量相对较小。生活污水、畜禽养殖和农业种植是汀江流域永定段水环境污染防治的重点。汀江流域永定段污染排放在空间上呈现较明显的区域差异,各乡镇应针对本区域污染特点有侧重地进行治理。     

太湖流域城镇地表水中挥发性卤代烃污染特征

分析了太湖流域典型城镇-常州市武进区地表水和5类排放源（市政污水处理厂进、出水,工业污水处理厂出水,分散式工业废水和水产养殖废水）中5种挥发性卤代烃的浓度水平,通过密集采样点设置的全年采样,揭示了地表水中挥发性卤代烃的污染特征,探讨了排放源对地表水的影响,初步识别了主要污染源.结果表明,地表水中目标卤代烃的含量在相似文献