太湖流域农业面源污染防控措施研究分析

近年来,太湖流域农业面源污染占流域污染负荷的比例逐步提高,已经成为太湖流域水污染物的主要来源.阐述了流域农业面源污染的概况,从种植业、畜禽养殖业、农村生活和水产养殖4个方面分析流域农业面源污染的构成.其中,种植业污染主要是由化肥、农药和农膜的过度使用引起.接着从政策、经济和技术3个层面详细探讨了农业面源污染产生的内在机理,并在此基础上提出相应的防控措施建议.     

西藏朋曲流域水电工程地质灾害危险性评价

朋曲流域地质灾害类型多样,对水电工程建设和下游居民的人身财产安全产生了严重威胁。本研究以2009年SPOT5遥感影像为数据源,在研究区地质背景基础上,从基本环境因素、诱发因素和历史因素三个方面选取了坡度、岩性、断层密度、年均降雨量、植被覆盖度和灾害发育密度六个评价因子,通过改进模糊层次分析法获得各因子的相对权重,确定研究区危险性的量化指标。用GIS空间分析功能进行加权叠加,最终生成地质灾害危险性分级图,从而完成对朋曲流域水电工程的地质灾害危险性综合评价。结果表明,朋曲流域的地质灾害总体的危险度为中等,曲当厂址与聂当拉闸址分布于高危险区内,应加强对两处地质灾害的监测。     

东辽河流域人工湿地处理技术应用研究

人工湿地技术由于低成本的特点,被广泛的应用于污水处理以及河道整治等方面。不同湿地植物筛选及配比、不同填料的添加以及不同湿地流经方式,对湿地的处理效果都会产生一定的影响。以东辽河流域生态湿地为例,文章分别对植物筛选、生态湿地污水处理效果等方面进行了探讨。而对于北方地区来说,秋冬季节水温较低,容易产生冻结,而当前人工湿地处理技术冬季运行成本又相对较高且效果不稳定。因此水温的控制将成为东辽河流域人工湿地处理技术研究的关键;降低运行成本,保持持续稳定的处理效果将成为后续研究的重点内容。     

北运河流域(北京段)畜禽养殖污染现状及防治对策研究

畜禽养殖业产生的畜禽粪污对空气、土壤、地表水及地下水均会造成污染.调研了北运河流域(北京段)畜禽养殖业现状,分析了其污染空间分布及粪污处理方式,并提出了畜禽养殖存在的主要问题.结合国内外研究及北运河流域(北京段)概况,从布局、粪污处理、资金投入等方面提出了应对措施与建议,为环境管理部门开展畜禽养殖污染防治提供借鉴与参考.     

南水北调东线水源核心区浮游植物多样性状况与评价研究

分别于2013年4月、8月、10月和2014年1月对南水北调东线水源核心区河流浮游植物群落结构、浮游植物密度进行调查,并利用多样性指数进行水质评价.区域共检出浮游植物5门34科67属118种,春秋两季物种数较多,夏冬两季物种数较少.优势种为蓝藻门小席藻( Phormidium.tenue)、绿藻门小球藻( Chlorella.pyrenoidosa)、硅藻门变异直链藻( Melosira.varians).区域浮游植物密度为3.5 ×105 cells/L,Shannon-wiener指数为2.32,Margalef指数为1.06,Pielou均匀度指数为0.54,水质为寡污-中污水平.     

基于子流域的北运河流域(北京段)畜禽养殖空间布局研究

根据北运河流域(北京段)畜禽养殖业污染特点及其粪便与农作物养分供求关系,采用养分平衡法对各子流域畜禽养殖粪便养分实际排放量、实际负荷量、主要作物最大养分需求量、作物所需畜禽粪便养分最大负荷量、畜禽养殖承载力进行了核算,结果表明北运河干流、沙河流域、温榆河干流、凉水河流域和蔺沟河流域的畜禽实际承载量已超过畜禽土地承载力,研究结果对于环境部门加强畜禽养殖污染防治和农业部门合理进行农业规划有重要参考意义.     

黄海和东海海域溶解铋地球化学分布特征

结合大面调查,典型断面剖析及关键站位连续观测结果,研究了黄海和东海海域溶解铋的含量水平,时空分布特征及与生态环境的耦合关系,探讨其主要来源和影响因素.结果表明,表层海水溶解铋含量在0~0.029μg·L-1之间,平均值为0.008μg·L-1;底层海水浓度稍高,介于0.001~0.189μg·L-1之间,平均值为0.016μg·L-1.水平方向上,溶解铋低值分布与盐度所示长江冲淡水双支扩散特征吻合,表明其可示踪长江冲淡水路径;高值出现在黄海暖流和苏北沿岸流途经之处及长江冲淡水与沿浙闽沿岸水交汇之处,表明其分布受控于海流系统循环.垂直方向上,水体对流和涡动混合使近岸海水均匀混合,陆架区强潮混合锋面将近岸垂向混合区和离岸层化海水区分隔,阻挡了溶解铋向外输运,使锋区内溶解铋含量明显高于外海.周日内,溶解铋变化主要与潮汐、再悬浮作用和温盐跃层等海域特定水动力条件密切相关,与温度,盐度等环境因素波动尚未呈现明显关系.溶解铋与悬浮颗粒物显著正相关,表明其易从固相释放至水体,并确定由颗粒态转化为溶解态的最佳温度(22~27℃)、盐度(28~31)和pH(7.9~8.1).     

An Integrated Flood Disaster Prevention System for the Sustainable Development of the Yangtze River Basin

An overview of the flooding history of the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) indicates the tendency ofmore frequent occurrence of flood disasters in the area due to intensified human activities anddeterioration of the ecological environment of waters.According to records,flood disastersoccurred every83years in YRB before1 5 2 4,while during the period1 5 2 5～ 1 85 1 the frequencyincreased up to once every2 0 years on the average.It further increased to once every5 yearsduring 1 92 5～ 1 949and onc…     

Resilience of stocking capacity to changing climate in arid to Mediterranean landscapes

Small livestock is an important resource for rural human populations in dry climates. How strongly will climate change affect the capacity of the rangeland? We used hierarchical modelling to scale quantitatively the growth of shrubs and annual plants, the main food of sheep and goats, to the landscape extent in the eastern Mediterranean region. Without grazing, productivity increased in a sigmoid way with mean annual precipitation. Grazing reduced productivity more strongly the drier the landscape. At a point just under the stocking capacity of the vegetation, productivity declined precipitously with more intense grazing due to a lack of seed production of annuals. We repeated simulations with precipitation patterns projected by two contrasting IPCC scenarios. Compared to results based on historic patterns, productivity and stocking capacity did not differ in most cases. Thus, grazing intensity remains the stronger impact on landscape productivity in this dry region even in the future.     

VARIABLES INDICATING NITRATE CONTAMINATION IN BEDROCK AQUIFERS,NEWARK BASIN,NEW JERSEY1

ABSTRACT: Variables that describe well construction, hydrogeology, and land use were evaluated for use as possible indicators of the susceptibility of ground water in bedrock aquifers in the Newark Basin, New Jersey, to contamination by nitrate from the land surface. Statistical analyses were performed on data for 132 wells located throughout the Newark Basin. Concentrations of nitrate (as nitrogen) did not exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level of 10 milligrams per liter (mg/L) in any of the water samples (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991). Variables that describe hydrogeology and well construction were found not to be statistically significant in relation to concentrations of nitrate. This finding can be attributed to the complex nature of flow in bedrock aquifers and mixing of water from shallow and deep water-bearing zones that occurs within these wells, which are constructed with long open intervals. Distributions of nitrate concentrations were significantly different among land-use groups on the basis of land use within both a 400 and an 800-m radius zone of the well. The median concentrations of nitrate (as N) in water from wells in predominantly urban-residential (2.5 mg/L) and agricultural areas (1.8 mg/L) were greater than the median concentration of nitrate in water from wells in predominantly undeveloped areas (0.5 mg/L).