长江上游山丘区土地承载力研究与评价——以四川省宜宾市为例

我国是一个以山地为主的国家，耕地有限且以山丘坡耕地为主，协调人地关系非常重要。以四川省宜宾市为例，通过土地资源生产潜力和人口数量预测模型的建立，采用环境容量等级系数计算和等级划分方法，对基于水土流失和生态工程建设作用下的长江上游流域山丘区土地利用类型与格局的变化及其它人类活动对土地承载力的影响进行了研究与评价。研究结果表明，宜宾市土地资源的生产潜力在2010、2015、2020年时总体上都能承载3种生活类型条件下的人口数量，3种生活类型下的容量等级基本都在“3”以上，即达到“满足”水平，并呈现出向“富余”水平提高的趋势，这表明尚具有较大潜力和空间的土地承载力是宜宾区域经济发展的有利驱动因素，人类活动对土地承载力产生的影响在可承受的生态阈值之内，为长江上游流域及我国广大山丘地区的生态环境建设和区域发展提供了可靠依据。     

Global localism: Recentering the research agenda for biodiversity conservation

Global environmental crisis narratives about biodiversity loss promote conservation research on how human activities impact natural resources and link scientific findings to protectionist policies. This paper critiques how local knowledge, over space and through time, is constructed for these studies and integrated with ecological measures and qualitative interpretations of biodiversity conditions. As a case example, we describe how ethnoecological research at Mt. Kasigau, a biodiversity hot spot in Southeastern Kenya, changes ‘scientific’ views on human–resource relations. Species richness in woody plants and local knowledge about trees show resource continua on the mountain that question the designation of diverse undisturbed forests and degraded human‐utilized lands. Local narratives document spatially dynamic and adaptive relationships between the Kasigau Taita and their plant resources as they moved up and down the mountain in response to environmental conditions and extra local forces. We argue that greater ‘local learning’ about local places is important to hypothesizing and potentially guiding ‘global action’ for biodiversity conservation.     

青海省循环经济发展的思考与对策——以柴达木盆地循环经济试验区为例

发展循环经济是青海省加快经济增长方式转变、实现可持续发展的重要举措。本文从矿产资源的合理开发利用、工业化健康发展和经济社会全面发展三方面深刻剖析了青海省发展循环经济的重大意义。通过柴达木盆地循环经济试验区的实践和发达国家成功经验的借鉴,分析青海省发展循环经济的有利因素及限制条件,提出了青海省发展循环经济的有效对策,可为青海省及其他省市建立合理的循环经济发展体系提供科学的参考。     

山东省沂沭河流域水环境容量研究

根据沂沭河流域的水文特征和水质状况，建立了沂沭河流域河流水环境容量数学模型和计算方法，依据该流域水环境功能区划，计算出流域内各水功能区和各河流的环境容量及最大允许排污量，从而为沂沭河流域实施水污染物总量控制和南水北调东线工程山东段水质达标提供基础数据。     

湘江流域洪水灾害综合风险评价

依据灾害系统理论,在综合考虑致灾因子、孕灾环境和承灾体的基础上,从致灾因子、孕灾环境的自然属性和承灾体的社会属性两方面出发,以县级行政单元为基本评价单元,进行了湘江流域洪水灾害的综合风险评价。在综合考虑降雨量、地形以及历史上洪水灾害发生频次等自然因素的条件下,利用地图代数分析得到了湘江流域洪水灾害危险性评价图;在综合考虑人口密度、耕地面积百分比、人均GDP和单位面积水库和塘坝容量等社会经济指标的基础上,利用模糊综合评判法得到了湘江流域洪水灾害脆弱性评价图。在此基础上采取“乘”模型的计算公式,即风险=危险性×脆弱性,将湘江流域洪水灾害风险划分为高风险、较高风险、中等风险、较低风险和低风险5个等级,并借助地理信息系统软件编制了湘江流域洪水灾害综合风险等级评价图。     

GROUND WATER IN PERSPECTIVE1

ABSTRACT. Owing to their enormous capacity, ground-water reservoirs are at least equal in importance to the ground water itself. As regulators of water movement in the hydrological cycle, these reservoirs surpass all lakes combined, natural and manmade. While many aquifers are not well understood, data on many others are adequate for long-range broad-scale planning. An example is the basalt aquifer of the Snake River Plain in Idaho. However, the area has managerial problems which concern the time, the place and the feasibility of manipulations of water. All continents of the world contain great aquifers. For every huge aquifer, however, hundreds of smaller ones occur, and even these contain astonishing amounts of water. Aquifers in the Ohio River Basin of the United States are good examples. Management of total water resources is a difficult problem at many places. But many problems could be met and many water shortages alleviated or eliminated by use of aquifers, not merely as sources of water, but as reservoirs for management of water.     

试论长江文化生态的主要特征

大自然孕育了万物,人类又在自然的基础上创造了文化。久远深厚、异彩纷呈的长江文化,正是得益于广阔的发展舞台、优越的生态环境条件。因此探讨长江文化系统与生态环境系统的耦合关系－文化生态,就具有十分重要的意义。着重论述了长江文化生态的主要特征：（1）整体性－－长江文化生态系统的各组成部分是彼此联系、相互作用的统一,它能反映整体的特征和活动方式,它孕育了长江多元文化。（2）开放性－－长江流域是一个庞大的、开放的外流水网系统,该系统不从外部输入物质、能量和信息,吸收并累积负熵流,维持其有序性。长江文化具有悠久的开放传统和宽广的心态。（3）动态性－长江文化生态系统的动态特征,既有周期性变化也有非周期性变化。（4）人地相关性－长江文化生态民是人地关系相互作用的统一体,回顾长江文化的发展史,人与自然关系经历了“强烈依赖－－被动顺序－－主动征服－－相互和谐”几个阶段。     

MESOSCALE ATMOSPHERIC 2XCO2 CLIMATE CHANGE SIMULATION APPLIED TO AN OREGON WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: A 2xCO2 climate and runoff in the Upper Deschutes Basin in central Oregon is simulated using a mesoscale atmospheric model and a watershed model that incorporates spatial variability of the runoff process. A nine‐year control climate monthly time series provides a benchmark for assessing changes related to a warmer and wetter 2xCO2 climate. Potential evapotranspiration is increased by 23 percent and snow water equivalent is reduced by 59 percent in the 2xCO2 climate. Annual runoff increases by 23 percent, while November runoff increases by 55 percent. The average maximum monthly runoff is in May for both the control climate and 2xCO2 climate, but in five of the nine years the monthly maximum runoff for the 2xCO2 climate occurs two to five months earlier than for the control climate. The minimum runoff month is one to five months earlier in the 2xCO2 climate in seven of the nine years, and the month of average minimum runoff is March in the control climate and November in the 2xCO2 climate. Since precipitation is greatest in December in both the control climate and 2xCO2 climate, the earlier maximum and minimum runoff for a 2xCO2 climate indicates greater watershed sensitivity to temperature than to precipitation.     

UTILIZING INDUCED RECHARGE FOR REGIONAL AQUIFER MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: The deep aquifers of the Portland Basin are used as a regional water supply by at least six municipalities in Oregon and Washington. Maximum continuous use of the aquifers in 1998 was 13 mgd and peak emergency use was 55 mgd. Continuous use of the deep aquifers at a rate of 55 mgd has been proposed and inchoate water rights have been reserved for expansion of pumping to 121 mgd. A study was completed, using a calibrated ground water flow model, to evaluate the role of induced recharge from the Columbia River in mitigating aquifer drawdown from continuous‐use and expanded pumping scenarios in the center and eastern areas of the basin. The absolute average residual was less than 3.6 feet for steady‐state model calibrations, and less than 8.0 feet for transient calibration to a 42 mgd pumping event in 1987 with 170 feet of drawdown. Continuous use of the aquifers at a rate of 55 mgd is predicted to increase drawdown to 210 feet. Expansion of pumping to 121 mgd in the center basin is predicted to cause 400 feet of drawdown. However, expansion of pumping in the east basin is predicted to result in only 220 feet of drawdown because of induced recharge from the Columbia River.     

新疆塔里木河流域生态脆弱带的环境质量综合评价

塔里木河流域是我国生态环境脆弱地区之一,流域内的不同区域,由于物质及能量匹配上不够协调,宏观上表现出不同的脆弱性特征.依据生态环境质量评价的有关原则,结合塔河流域生态环境的实际情况,筛选出20个指标,建立生态环境综合评价的指标体系.通过构建生态脆弱性指数,综合地反映了塔河流域生态环境质量的优劣程度.结果表明,阿克苏河流域属于生态环境改善区,叶尔羌河流域及塔河上游属于生态环境基本平衡区,和田河流域及塔河中游属于生态环境失调区,而塔河下游属于生态环境严重受损区,评价结果符合实际情况,对指导流域生态环境建设具有重要意义.